Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 44-55 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 53 improve their research abilities and levels. We should strengthen training and education for farmers, improve their understanding and application ability of new technologies and varieties. We should also strengthen exchanges and cooperation with international organizations and other countries, introduce advanced technology and management experience, and improve the overall level of wheat research and production in China. 8 Concluding Remarks The systematic review of Triticeae, particularly focusing on wheat and barley, highlights their critical role in global food security. Wheat and barley are among the most important temperate cereal crops, contributing significantly to the global carbohydrate and protein supply. Despite their importance, yield gains for these crops have stagnated in recent decades, particularly in high-yielding regions. Research trends indicate a robust scientific interest in these crops, with numerous studies focusing on their agronomy, genetics, and molecular biology. Comparative evaluations have shown that while wheat has higher gluten strength, barley and rye possess higher essential amino acid proportions, which are crucial for developing healthier food products. The genetic diversity within the Triticeae tribe, including wild relatives, offers valuable resources for breeding programs aimed at improving disease resistance and other agronomically important traits. Advancements in genome sequencing have provided detailed insights into the evolutionary history of Triticeae, revealing divergence times and phylogenetic relationships among species. Genetic and genomic research has also identified key determinants of grain yield, which can be harnessed to enhance yield potential through improved inflorescence architecture. Furthermore, genome editing and other advanced technologies hold promise for overcoming challenges related to climate change, population growth, and environmental sustainability. The Triticeae tribe, encompassing wheat, barley, and rye, plays a pivotal role in ensuring global food security. These crops are not only fundamental to human and animal nutrition but also serve as essential genetic resources for breeding programs aimed at enhancing crop resilience and productivity. The integration of advanced genomic technologies and traditional breeding methods offers a promising pathway to address the challenges posed by climate change and increasing food demand. Future research should focus on leveraging the genetic diversity within Triticeae, particularly the wild relatives, to develop cultivars with improved tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity. Additionally, continued efforts in genome sequencing and functional genomics will be crucial for unlocking the full potential of these crops and ensuring sustainable food production systems. Acknowledgments Sincere thanks to the peer reviewers for their valuable feedback on the initial draft of this manuscript. Their profound insights and constructive suggestions have greatly enhanced the quality and readability of this article. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Anders S., Cowling W., Pareek A., Gupta K., Singla-Pareek S., and Foyer C., 2021, Gaining acceptance of novel plant breeding technologies, Trends in Plant Science, 26(6): 575-587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2021.03.004 PMid:33893048 Anderson J., Harrigan G., Rice P., and Kleter G., 2016, Challenges and opportunities in supporting sustainable agriculture and food security. overview of the 13th IUPAC international congress of pesticide chemistry symposia on agricultural biotechnology, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64(2): 381-382. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04507 Anyshchenko A., 2022, Aligning policy design with science to achieve food security: the contribution of genome editing to sustainable agriculture, Sec. Crop Biology and Sustainability, 6: 897643. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.897643
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