Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 44-55 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 50 Figure 2 Key role of local variety diversity in wheat genetic improvement (Adapted from Cheng et al., 2023) Image caption: Figure (a) shows the historical decrease in plant height; (b) Displayed the relationship between grain yield (GY), biomass (BM), harvest index (HI), and plant height (PH); (c) Manhattan map displaying genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of wheat chromosomes; (d) Displayed quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of grain yield on chromosome 7B; (e) Significant SNPs related to plant height; (f) Genomic location and allele frequency of Paragon and WAT DEO018 varieties; (g) Showcased the impact of Paragon alleles on grain yield in different environments (Adapted from Cheng et al., 2023) 5.2 Climate-smart agriculture Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is a critical strategy for ensuring the sustainability of Triticeae production under changing climatic conditions. CSA involves the adoption of practices that increase productivity, enhance resilience, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The development of climate-resilient crop varieties through genomics-assisted breeding and other advanced techniques is a key component of CSA (Kole et al., 2015; Hajj, 2023). For example, the identification and incorporation of stress tolerance alleles into high-yielding genetic backgrounds can mitigate the impact of climate change on crop productivity (Hajj, 2023). Furthermore, the use of next-generation breeding tools, such as CRISPR/Cas systems, can facilitate the development of crops with enhanced resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses (Razzaq et al., 2021). 5.3 Enhancing nutritional quality Enhancing the nutritional quality of Triticeae crops is vital for addressing global food and nutritional security. Breeding strategies that focus on improving the nutritional content of crops, such as increasing protein, vitamins, and mineral levels, are essential (Kulkarni et al., 2018; Mekonnen et al., 2022). For instance, the development of cowpea genotypes with high nutritional value and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses can contribute to food security and reduce malnutrition in regions like sub-Saharan Africa (Mekonnen et al., 2022). Additionally, the identification of functional variations in landrace collections can lead to the development of modern cultivars with
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