Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 44-55 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 48 International cooperation and knowledge sharing can more effectively address these challenges (Timsina and Connor, 2001) 4 Advances inTriticeae Research 4.1 Genetic and genomic tools Recent advancements in genetic and genomic tools have significantly contributed to the improvement of Triticeae crops. High-throughput sequencing and genome editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas systems, have enabled precise modifications in the genome, facilitating the development of crops with enhanced traits (Salgotra and Stewart, 2020; Razzaq et al., 2021). Functional genomics approaches, including transcriptomics and allele mining, have been instrumental in identifying functional markers (FMs) associated with important agronomic traits, thereby increasing the efficiency of breeding programs (Salgotra and Stewart, 2020). These tools are crucial for understanding the genetic architecture of trait variation and for the development of climate-resilient crops (Figure 1) (Harper et al.,2020; Razzaq et al., 2021). Figure 1 Important milestones in the field of plant genetics and breeding from 1866 to 2020 (Adapted from Razzaq et al., 2021) Razzaq et al. (2021) compiled important milestones in the field of plant genetics and breeding from 1866 to 2020. In 2002, the development of SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) markers provided a foundation for genome selection in crops such as wheat. In 2013, the application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology marked a new era in plant genome editing. In 2017, the application of DNA free editing and base editing techniques in wheat further improved the accuracy and efficiency of breeding. In 2018, the complete sequencing of the wheat genome provided researchers with a detailed genome blueprint. In 2020, the assembly of the wheat pan genome demonstrated genetic diversity among different wheat varieties. These milestones reflect the rapid development of wheat genome research, providing strong support for improving wheat yield, stress resistance, and nutritional value. 4.2 Breeding and biotechnology Conventional breeding remains a fundamental approach in Triticeae crop improvement. It involves the selection of superior genotypes based on phenotypic traits and their subsequent propagation. This method has been successful in developing varieties with improved yield, disease resistance, and adaptability to different environmental conditions (Lu and Ellstrand, 2014). However, the process is time-consuming and often limited by the genetic diversity available within the cultivated species.
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