Triticeae Genomics and Genetics 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 1-9 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 2 1 Wheat Breeding and Stress Resistance 1.1 Wheat as an important food crop Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), as one of the most important food crops in the world, has always held a core position in human diet. Its extensive cultivation and high yield make it one of the main sources of food for many countries around the world. The importance of wheat is not only reflected in its large-scale production quantity, but also in its significant impact on global food supply, agricultural economy, and food security. The diversity of wheat is crucial for its adaptation to different climate and soil conditions. Different varieties and subspecies of wheat grow in different regions and adapt to various environments, from temperate to subtropical, from plateaus to plains. This adaptability makes wheat one of the main crops in various ecosystems, thus meeting the food needs of populations in different regions. Wheat not only plays a crucial role in global food supply, but also serves as a major ingredient in foods such as bread, noodles, grains, and pastries. It is rich in carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals, providing humans with abundant nutrition. Therefore, wheat not only plays an important role in agriculture and food industry, but also has a profound impact on global human health and livelihoods. However, wheat production is often threatened by various adverse factors, including climate change, pests and diseases, declining soil quality, and drought. In order to maintain global food supply, meet human food needs, and cope with constantly changing environmental conditions, wheat breeding and genetic improvement are particularly important. By introducing stress resistance genes and improving the growth and yield of wheat, we can increase its ability to resist various stress conditions (Bajwa et al., 2020). Therefore, as one of the major global food crops, wheat's importance is not only reflected in meeting food needs, but also in its ability to provide solid support for agricultural production, food industry, and human livelihoods. To ensure sustainable production of wheat and global food supply, wheat breeding and genetic improvement will continue to be important areas of scientific research and agricultural practice. 1.2 Relationship between stress resistance and wheat breeding The relationship between stress resistance and wheat breeding is of great significance. As a major global food crop, wheat production is often threatened by various adverse factors such as climate change, pests and diseases, declining soil quality, and saline alkali land. Therefore, improving the stress resistance of wheat has become an urgent task in breeding to ensure global food supply, agricultural sustainability, and food safety. Stress resistance breeding aims to cultivate wheat varieties with stronger tolerance to various stress conditions, which can include adaptation to climate change, resistance to pests and diseases, tolerance to saline alkali land, and so on. Through genetic improvement, scientists can introduce genes related to stress resistance to enhance wheat's ability to cope with stress. This not only increases wheat production and yield, but also reduces crop losses (Sun et al., 2020). The success of stress resistance breeding cannot be achieved without the application of modern biotechnology such as molecular marker assisted selection (MAS). MAS enables breeders to more accurately screen candidate wheat plants with stress resistance, thereby saving time and resources. Meanwhile, it also helps to avoid potential unsuitable offspring in traditional breeding, and the development of this technology has improved breeding efficiency and accelerated the cultivation of stress resistant wheat varieties (Sallam et al., 2019). Obviously, stress resistance is a core area of wheat breeding, which is directly related to wheat production and global food supply. By introducing genes related to stress resistance and applying modern biotechnology, wheat can better adapt to constantly changing environmental conditions, increase yield, reduce losses, and thus make important contributions to the sustainability of agriculture and global food safety. 1.3 The role of molecular marker assisted selection Molecular marker assisted selection (MAS) plays an important role in wheat breeding. MAS is a modern
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