Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 44-55 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 46 prevent soil erosion. The genetic and morphological characteristics of rye have been extensively studied to improve its agronomic traits and resistance to diseases (Kawahara, 2009). Rye has a large amount of leaves, soft stems, rich nutrients, and good palatability. It can be used as both grain and high-quality feed. Meanwhile, rye is also widely used in the production of bread and other foods, and is favored by people for its unique nutritional value and health benefits. 1.3 Genetic diversity and evolution The genetic diversity within the Triticeae tribe is vast, encompassing a wide range of species with different evolutionary histories. This diversity is crucial for breeding programs aimed at improving crop resilience, yield, and nutritional quality. Hybridization and polyploidy have played significant roles in the evolution of Triticeae, leading to the development of species with complex genomic structures. Advances in molecular biology and genomics have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationships and genetic diversity of Triticeae species, facilitating the identification and utilization of beneficial traits from wild relatives (Seberg and Petersen, 2007). 2 Agricultural Significance 2.1 Triticeae in crop production The tribe Triticeae, which includes economically significant crops such as wheat (Triticum spp.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), plays a crucial role in global crop production. Wheat and barley are among the most important temperate cereal crops, with wheat ranked second and barley fourth in terms of world production in 2016 (Schnurbusch, 2019). These cereals are vital sources of carbohydrates and proteins, contributing significantly to the daily energy intake of populations worldwide, especially in developing countries where they can provide up to 80% of the dietary energy (Schnurbusch, 2019). Despite their importance, yield gains for these crops have stagnated in recent decades, particularly in high-yielding regions like Europe, highlighting the need for innovative agricultural practices to meet future food demands sustainably (Schnurbusch, 2019). 2.2 Nutritional value and health benefits Triticeae crops are not only essential for their caloric contribution but also for their nutritional value. Wheat and barley provide a substantial amount of daily carbohydrates and proteins, which are crucial for maintaining a balanced diet (Schnurbusch, 2019). The nutritional profile of these cereals includes essential vitamins and minerals, which are vital for human health. For instance, wheat and barley are significant sources of dietary fiber, which is important for digestive health. Additionally, the consumption of whole grains, such as those from Triticeae, has been associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases, including heart disease and diabetes (Schnurbusch, 2019). The emphasis on the nutritional benefits of these crops underscores their role in addressing global health challenges related to diet and nutrition. 2.3 Role in sustainable agriculture The role of Triticeae in sustainable agriculture is multifaceted. These crops are integral to crop rotation systems, which help maintain soil health and reduce pest and disease cycles. Moreover, the genetic diversity within the Triticeae tribe, including wild and weedy taxa, offers valuable resources for crop improvement and resilience against environmental stresses (Lu and Ellstrand, 2014). The use of beneficial phytomicrobiomes associated with Triticeae can further enhance plant health and productivity by improving resource use efficiency and resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses (Chouhan et al., 2021). Sustainable agricultural practices involving Triticeae also include the development of genetically modified (GM) crops with enhanced traits such as stress tolerance and improved nutritional profiles, which can contribute to food security and environmental sustainability (Anderson et al., 2016). These approaches are essential for meeting the twin challenges of increasing agricultural productivity and ensuring environmental sustainability in the face of climate change and resource limitations (Anderson et al., 2016; Chouhan et al., 2021). In summary, Triticeae crops are indispensable for global food security due to their significant contributions to crop production, nutritional value, and sustainable agricultural practices. Addressing the challenges of yield
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