Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 44-55 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 45 will also explore the development prospects and response strategies of wheat crops, in order to better address the challenges of global food security and contribute to ensuring food security and nutritional health for people worldwide. 1Triticeae: An Overview 1.1 Taxonomy and classification The Triticeae tribe, part of the Poaceae family, includes some of the most important cereal crops such as wheat, barley, and rye. Taxonomically, Triticeae is complex due to its reticulate evolutionary history, which involves extensive hybridization and polyploidy. Various taxonomic treatments have been proposed over time, with significant contributions from different taxonomists aiming to classify the tribe based on morphological, cytogenetic, and molecular data (Barkworth, 2008). Historically, Linnaeus, Bentham, Hackel, and Nevski have all influenced the classification approaches, each bringing unique perspectives on defining genera and species within Triticeae (Bernhardt, 2015). In the wheat family, the differentiation between different species often involves multiple aspects such as their growth habits, leaf morphology, inflorescence structure, and seed characteristics. For example, some species are perennial, while others are annual; Some species have wider leaves, while others are narrower; The structure of inflorescences and the shape, size, and color of seeds are also important criteria for distinguishing different species. 1.2 Major species in the Triticeae tribe The Triticae tribe, as an important branch of the Poaceae family, has members widely distributed around the world and can grow under different climate and soil conditions. 1.2.1 Wheat (Triticumspp.) Wheat (Triticum spp.) is the most widely cultivated and economically significant crop in the Triticeae tribe. It is a staple food for a large part of the world's population, providing essential nutrients such as carbohydrates and proteins. Wheat's taxonomy is particularly complex due to its numerous species and subspecies, hybridization events, and polyploidy. Modern classifications divide wheat into three main groups based on their ploidy levels: diploid (e.g., Triticum monococcum), tetraploid (e.g., Triticum turgidum), and hexaploid (e.g., Triticum aestivum) (Goncharov, 2011). The Triticae tribe, as an important branch of the Poaceae family, has members widely distributed around the world. As one of the main food sources for human beings, wheat caryopsis can be ground into flour to make bread, Mantou, biscuits, noodles and other foods. In addition, wheat straw can also be used as feed for livestock, with extremely high economic value. 1.2.2 Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is another critical cereal crop within the Triticeae tribe. It is known for its versatility and ability to grow in a wide range of environmental conditions. Barley is used for food, animal feed, and brewing. Its genetic diversity is considerable, with numerous wild and cultivated varieties contributing to its adaptability and resilience. Barley's taxonomy, like wheat's, has been subject to extensive research and reclassification efforts, reflecting its genetic and morphological diversity (Yen and Yang, 2009). Barley is not only an important food crop, but also the best raw material for producing beer and whiskey. At the same time, malt, a processed product formed by the germination and drying of mature barley fruits, has medicinal value in promoting qi and digestion, invigorating the spleen and appetite, and reducing milk and swelling. 1.2.3Rye (Secale cereale) Rye (Secale cereale) is less widely grown than wheat and barley but plays a crucial role in agriculture, particularly in regions with poor soil quality and harsh climates. Rye is valued for its hardiness and ability to grow in less fertile soils where other cereals might fail. It is used for bread-making, animal feed, and as a cover crop to
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