Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 10-18 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/lgg 15 Through bioinformatics tools, scientists are able to perform sequence alignment and mutation detection, and identify genetic variants such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPS) and insertions/deletions (Indels), which provide a basis for understanding genetic differences between individuals and populations (Hoban et al., 2022). Bioinformatics can also calculate population genetic parameters such as allele frequency, heterozygosity, and genetic distance to quantify genetic diversity and analyze genetic differentiation between populations. Using bioinformatics methods, scientists can build phylogenetic trees to reveal evolutionary relationships between species or populations, which has important implications for understanding species differentiation, population history, and the origin and spread of genetic resources. The use of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and selective signal analysis further allows researchers to identify genes or genetic regions that control important agronomic traits, as well as genetic regions that have historically been subject to natural or artificial selection. This provides insights into the evolution of adaptive populations. 4 Application of Molecular Markers in Adaptive Traits of Triticeae Crops 4.1 Molecular marker discovery and development In the field of wheat crop research and breeding, the discovery and development of molecular markers have become the core technology to improve breeding efficiency and accelerate genetic improvement (take wheat as an example (Figure 2). With the wide application of high-throughput sequencing technology, scientists can obtain a large amount of genomic data, providing rich resources for the rapid discovery of molecular markers (Song et al., 2023). Common types of molecular markers include simple sequence repeats (SSRS), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPS), and insertions/deletions (InDels), among which SSRs are widely used in genetic diversity studies due to their high polymorphism and genetic stability. SNP markers are suitable for fine genetic analysis and molecular assisted selection because of their high density and high throughput in the genome. By comparing the genome sequences of different varieties or germplasm resources, scientists can identify potential molecular marker sites, which are then experimentally verified for polymorphism and genetic stability, ensuring their validity in subsequent studies. These validated molecular markers are widely used in the fields of genetic structure analysis, variety identification, genetic diversity assessment and molecular assisted breeding of Triticeae crops, which greatly improves the accuracy and efficiency of breeding, and also critically promotes the mining of functional genes. Through association analysis and gene mapping, scientists were able to identify genes controlling important agronomic traits, providing important information for in-depth understanding of the genetic mechanism of traits and guiding molecular design and breeding. Figure 2 Timeline of application of molecular markers in wheat breeding and research (Song et al., 2023) 4.2 Case study of association between molecular markers and adaptive traits In the study of Triticeae crops, the association between molecular markers and adaptive traits provides an effective means to accelerate crop improvement and improve resistance. A foreign research team aims to improve
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