Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 10-18 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/lgg 12 recombination, and the variation conducive to survival will be retained and accumulated by natural selection to form specific adaptive traits (Guzzon et al., 2017). For example, drought resistance, salt tolerance, disease resistance and other traits are expressed through the action of specific genes or genomes, and the expression and regulation of these genes determine the ability of crops to adapt to environmental stress. Environmental factors also play a decisive role in the formation of adaptive traits. Environmental factors such as different climatic conditions, soil types and pressure of pests and diseases promote the corresponding adaptive changes of Triticeae crops. Crops exposed to a specific environmental pressure for a long time will gradually develop traits that adapt to the environment, such as crops in arid areas often have better drought tolerance (Wadgymar et al., 2022). Human selection has also significantly influenced the formation of adaptive traits, with farmers and breeders accelerating the process of crop adaptation to specific environments by breeding individuals with desired traits, such as the selection of hardy varieties to adapt to cold and warm regions. The formation of adaptive traits is a direct reflection of the interaction between genes and environment. Whether a genetic variation becomes a dominant adaptive trait depends not only on the variation itself, but also on its adaptability and performance in a specific environment. Environmental changes can also promote the adjustment of gene expression patterns and affect the development of adaptive traits. The formation of adaptive traits is a complex multi-factor interaction process, including genetic diversity, natural and human selection and environmental conditions. 2 The Importance of Genetic Diversity inTriticeae Crops 2.1 The concept of genetic diversity Genetic diversity refers to the diversity of genetic composition within a species, which reflects the differences between individuals at the genetic level. This diversity is the basis of biological evolution and is crucial for the survival of species and the adaptation to environmental changes. Genetic diversity includes not only genetic differences between individuals, but also genetic variation between different populations and populations, which can be expressed in various forms (Swarup et al., 2020), including polymorphisms at single gene loci, combinations of different genes in the genome, and structural variations on chromosomes. In agriculture, genetic diversity of crops is an important component of agricultural biodiversity and is of great value for crop improvement, disease management, and adaptation to environmental change (Figure 1). High genetic diversity means that crops have a wider range of adaptability and can grow in more diverse environmental conditions, as well as greater resistance to pests and diseases and abiotic stresses (such as drought, salinity, etc.) (Swarup et al., 2020). Genetic diversity is also an important resource for crop breeding, which breeders rely on to develop new varieties that improve crop yield, quality, nutritional value, and resilience to specific environmental conditions. 2.2 Relationship between genetic diversity and adaptive traits inTriticeae crops Genetic diversity plays a key role in the formation and development of adaptive traits in Triticeae crops, which provides crops with the ability to adapt and survive in the face of environmental stresses, both abiotic and biological. This diversity means that there is a wide range of genetic variation in the gene pool of crops that underlies their resistance to drought, salinity, extreme temperature conditions, and disease and pest attacks (Wang et al., 2017). For example, specific genetic variants may enable certain wheat varieties to maintain growth in low water conditions or survive in cold environments, and genetic diversity contains resistance genes that allow Triticeae crops to resist attacks by various pathogens and pests, thus protecting crop yield and quality from being affected. Genetic diversity not only enhances the adaptability of Triticeae crops to environmental changes, but also has a direct impact on their productivity and stability. Crops with rich adaptive traits can maintain relatively stable yields under changeable environmental conditions and reduce production risks caused by environmental fluctuations (Pour-Aboughadareh et al., 2017). Genetic diversity also provides a rich resource for breeding, and by
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