Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 10-18 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/lgg 11 progress of molecular biology technology, the application of molecular markers provides an unprecedented opportunity for researchers to analyze the genetic mechanism of Triticeae crops adaptive traits from a new perspective and method, and then guide future crop improvement and breeding strategies. 1 An Overview of Adaptive Traits of Triticeae Crops 1.1 The species and importance of Triticeae crops Triticeae crops are an important part of the global agriculture and food system, including wheat, barley, rye, oats and many other types. These crops play a crucial role in maintaining global food security, not only because they grow steadily in different climates and soil conditions, but also because they form the basis of the daily diet of people in many countries (Gao et al., 2023). Wheat is one of the world's most important food crops, widely used in the production of bread, pasta and other foods, and plays a central role in the global food supply. Barley is not only an important food raw material, especially in the manufacture of beer, but also an important animal feed. Rye, despite its small area of cultivation, is an important crop for making bread and other foods in certain regions such as Eastern Europe and Russia (Feldman and Levy, 2015). Valued for its rich nutritional value, not only consumed as a healthy breakfast food, but also widely used in feed, oats are rich in dietary fiber, which is particularly beneficial for improving heart health. Triticeae crops are important far beyond their immediate value as food. They also play an important role in agro-ecosystems, promoting biodiversity, maintaining soil health, and holding a special place in different cultures. It is an integral part of many festivals and traditional customs (Feldman and Levy, 2015). As the global population continues to grow and climate change poses increasingly severe challenges to agricultural production, it is particularly important to study and improve the adaptive traits of Triticeae crops. By improving the yield, adaptability and nutritional value of Triticeae crops, we can not only ensure the stability of global food supply, but also prepare for possible food security challenges in the future. 1.2 Definition and classification of adaptive traits Adaptive traits refer to the traits or characteristics developed by organisms during long-term evolution that can help them better adapt to specific environmental conditions and improve survival and reproductive success (Ovsyannikov and Shpitonkov, 2020). These adaptive traits are particularly critical in the breeding and scientific research of Triticeae crops, as they are directly related to growth performance, yield, and resistance to environmental stresses such as abiotic (e.g. drought, salinity, temperature extremes) and biological (e.g. disease, pest infestation) factors. The classification of adaptive traits can be divided into four categories: abiotic adaptive traits, biological adaptive traits, morphological and physiological adaptive traits, and reproductive adaptive traits. Abiotic adaptive traits enable crops to withstand abiotic environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, low temperature or high temperature, which is particularly important for food production in arid and saline soil areas (Ovsyannikov and Shpitonkov, 2020). Bioadaptive traits refer to the resistance of crops to diseases and pests, which can help reduce crop loss and protect yield and quality. Morphological and physiological adaptive traits, such as root depth, leaf size, photosynthetic efficiency, etc., affect the resource acquisition and utilization of crops, and then affect the overall growth performance and adaptability. Reproductive adaptive traits are related to the regulation of flowering period, seed setting rate and seed production, which determine the reproductive ability of crops and the ability to adapt to different growing seasons. 1.3 The formation and influencing factors of adaptive traits The formation of adaptive traits is a core aspect of biological evolution, involving the response of Triticeae crops to environmental pressures over a long period of evolution and artificial selection. The formation and development of these traits are the result of the interaction between genetic factors and environmental factors, which provide the material basis for adaptive traits. New traits are generated through gene variation and
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