Rice Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 282-293 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 290 11.2 Strengthen farmer participation in breeding and local adaptation Whether a new variety is useful or not is not up to the research laboratory to decide, but the people who work in the fields have the final say. Participatory breeding is to allow farmers to directly participate in the selection and improvement of rice varieties. Practice has shown that in the face of climate change, changing the variety itself is often more effective than simply changing water and fertilizer management, especially when the two are used together (Li et al., 2024b). Involving farmers in person can not only accelerate the implementation of climate-adaptive varieties, but also improve the acceptance and practicality of these innovative solutions at the community level (Poulton et al., 2016). This approach is especially important in the small-scale farmer environment where agricultural ecological conditions vary greatly, otherwise one-size-fits-all technology will hardly be really useful. 11.3 Construct an integrated climate-smart rice planting landscape The rice fields of the future may no longer be single-crop fields. More and more studies are emphasizing the need to combine genetic improvement, agronomic optimization and ecological innovation to work on the entire landscape level (Irwandhi et al., 2024). For example, the use of rhizosphere microbiome engineering technology, the promotion of new salt-tolerant varieties, and improved soil moisture management can all help rice systems withstand more climate challenges. At the same time, biodiversity can be improved by adjusting crop planting calendars, rotating crops, and promoting agroforestry, and resource utilization efficiency can be improved with precision agricultural tools (Habib-Ur-Rahman et al., 2022). However, if these new methods are to be truly promoted, scientists, farmers, and policymakers must work together, otherwise it will be difficult to promote them on a large scale. After all, in the context of an increasingly unpredictable climate, food security and environmental sustainability are no longer issues that can be solved by a single sector alone. Acknowledgments We would like to thank Professor Liu for his invaluable guidance, insightful suggestions, and continuous support throughout the development of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Altieri M., Nicholls C., Henao A., and Lana M., 2015, Agroecology and the design of climate change-resilient farming systems, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35: 869-890. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0285-2 Arunrat N., Pumijumnong N., Sereenonchai S., Chareonwong U., and Wang C., 2020, Assessment of climate change impact on rice yield and water footprint of large-scale and individual farming in Thailand, The Science of the Total Environment, 726: 137864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137864 Balyan S., Jangir H., Tripathi S., Tripathi A., Jhang T., and Pandey P., 2024, Seeding a sustainable future: navigating the digital horizon of smart agriculture, Sustainability, 16(2): 475. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020475 Bouri M., Arslan K., and Şahin F., 2023, Climate-smart pest management in sustainable agriculture: promises and challenges, Sustainability, 15(5): 4592. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054592 Christian K., Philippe C., Abraham A., Camel L., Félicien A., Gauthier B., and Sohounhloue C., 2024, Recent climate-smart innovations in agrifood to enhance producer incomes through sustainable solutions, Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 15: 100985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.100985 Dar M., Bano D., Waza S., Zaidi N., Majid A., Shikari A., Ahangar M., Hossain M., Kumar A., and Singh U., 2021, Abiotic stress tolerance-progress and pathways of sustainable rice production, Sustainability, 13(4): 2078. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU13042078 Elbeheiry N., and Balog R., 2023, Technologies driving the shift to smart farming: a review, IEEE Sensors Journal, 23: 1752-1769. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2022.3225183 Fuentes-Peñailillo F., Gutter K., Vega R., and Silva G., 2024, Transformative technologies in digital agriculture: leveraging internet of things, remote sensing, and artificial intelligence for smart crop management, Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, 13(4): 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan13040039
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