Rice Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 282-293 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 286 6 Integrated Pest Management under Climate Stress 6.1 Promote pest-resistant rice varieties Climate change has brought many pest problems that were previously controllable to the forefront, and planting pest-resistant rice varieties has become the most direct and basic response. By introducing genes that are tolerant to pests and diseases and some abiotic stresses into new varieties through breeding, it can not only reduce the use of pesticides, but also help farmers stabilize their yields when the number of pests fluctuates with climate change (Juroszek and Tiedemann, 2011). Although this method is not a panacea, it is definitely a key link in the climate-smart pest management (CSPM) system (Bouri et al., 2023). With resistant varieties, at least when facing sudden pest disasters, the planting system will not be overwhelmed all at once. 6.2 Biological control and habitat management methods However, seeds alone cannot withstand all threats, especially after climate change breaks the balance between pests and natural enemies. At this time, biological control becomes more important. By protecting or introducing natural enemies such as parasitic wasps and predatory insects, the number of pests can be effectively suppressed and dependence on pesticides can be reduced (Heeb et al., 2019). Of course, if you want these beneficial organisms to stay, the environment must also be adjusted, such as planting different crops and staggering planting times, so as to disrupt the pest life cycle and make room for natural enemies. Biological control and habitat management together constitute an important part of the integrated pest management (IPM) strategy, emphasizing eco-friendliness and sustainability (Masood et al., 2021). 6.3 Climate-adaptive integrated pest management (IPM) framework It’s just that traditional IPM has been unable to keep up with the changes. Now, the climate-adaptive IPM framework has become a new trend. It packages cultural, biological, mechanical, and chemical measures together to flexibly respond to pest threats (Skendžić et al., 2021). Moreover, blind guessing based on human experience is no longer effective. More and more places are beginning to use remote sensing, prediction models, and decision support systems to warn of pest outbreaks in advance and intervene precisely (Msomba et al., 2024). Climate-smart pest management (CSPM) can be said to be an upgrade on the basis of traditional IPM, with a clearer goal: not only to control pests, but also to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, enhance ecological services, and make the entire agricultural system more resilient. To achieve these, technology alone is far from enough. Continuous innovation investment, capacity building, and cooperation between researchers are all indispensable (Nitta et al., 2024). 7 Agroecology and Diversified Farming Systems 7.1 Rice-fish farming system improves ecosystem resilience Raising fish in rice fields is an ancient practice that actually existed hundreds of years ago. Although it was marginalized under the wave of modern agriculture, it has re-entered people's vision with the emphasis on sustainability. The integration of rice-fish farming not only increases biodiversity, but also improves nutrient cycling, helps suppress pests and diseases, and reduces the use of pesticides and fertilizers (Kremen et al., 2012). The benefits of this practice are not just raising more fish, but also making the agricultural system more resilient to extreme climates. By maintaining these key ecological services, rice-fish farming has indeed supported a corner of sustainable food production. In addition, fish can eat some pest larvae and weed seeds, which invisibly maintains the ecological balance of rice fields. 7.2 Intercropping and rotation strategies Not all places are suitable for fish farming, but to enhance the ability of farms to resist climate change, intercropping and rotation are also the "good guys" among the old methods. By planting different crops, either simultaneously or in rotation, it is possible to disrupt the reproduction rhythm of pests and diseases, improve soil fertility, and use water and nutrients more efficiently. Especially today, with the increasing frequency of extreme climate events, these diversified planting arrangements - such as crop mixtures and crop and livestock combination - have become an important line of defense for farmers against risks. Practice has shown that a variety of crop layouts not only help farms recover production faster, but also maintain overall productivity levels.
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