Rice Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 282-293 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 285 4.2 Adopting the system of rice intensification (SRI) Another idea is the System of Rice Intensification (SRI). Compared with traditional planting methods, SRI does not advocate more irrigation and dense planting, but controls the amount of water, increases the distance between plants, and pays more attention to soil and nutrient management (Sikka et al., 2022). Some people initially thought this method was troublesome, but practice has proved that SRI can not only increase yields, but also improve the efficiency of land and water use, and reduce costs. More importantly, SRI makes the rice root system stronger, and enhances its drought and heat resistance. Under the various pressures brought by climate change, the overall adaptability of the planting system is stronger. It is indeed a method worth promoting. 4.3 Application of precision irrigation and intelligent water-saving technology Of course, relying solely on experience to farm is far from enough. Now, precision irrigation and intelligent water-saving technologies are beginning to enter the fields. These technologies rely on data support, such as sensors to detect soil moisture, software to adjust irrigation according to weather forecasts, and even use automated systems to supply water on demand. This method can use water resources more finely and consume less energy, especially in the context of water shortage, the advantages are obvious. Moreover, if these high-tech methods can be combined with traditional practices and natural regulation, the resilience and sustainability of the rice system can be further improved. 5 Soil health Management Helps Rice Resilient Planting 5.1 Conservation tillage and cover crop practices In the past, although traditional farming methods were simple, the problem of soil getting worse and worse became more and more obvious. Conservation tillage (such as reduced tillage, no-tillage combined with stubble management) came into being and is considered an effective means to improve the fertility of rice planting soil (Zahid et al., 2020). Through these practices, the level of soil organic matter can be greatly improved, the water retention capacity and nutrient utilization rate will also improve, and the content of trace elements such as copper, manganese, and zinc can also be improved. Of course, the effect is not immediate and requires long-term persistence (Shah et al., 2024). Moreover, planting some green manure crops, such as field sesbania, can not only further improve soil fertility, but also increase organic carbon content. In this way, not only the yield is stable, but also the resilience of the soil itself becomes stronger (Kumawat et al., 2024). 5.2 Application of organic amendments and biofertilizers The method of using fertilizers to improve soil fertility is not new, but there are many requirements for what fertilizers to use and how to use them. Organic amendments such as farmyard manure, vermicompost, crop residues and green manure can significantly improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil after long-term application (Sihi et al., 2017). The organic carbon content in the soil increases, nutrients are more easily absorbed by crops, and microbial activity is also booming, which is very helpful for the healthy growth of rice. In addition, biofertilizers - such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria - can further promote nutrient absorption, enhance soil fertility, and improve rice yield and quality. In recent years, biochar and beneficial microorganisms have also become popular choices. They can also help rice resist environmental stresses such as salinization and drought (Hafez et al., 2021; Vanama et al., 2023). 5.3 Integrated nutrient management strategy It is difficult to solve the problem of rice soil fertility with a single fertilizer, so integrated nutrient management (INM) has become an increasingly important practice. Simply put, INM is a combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers. The advantage is that it can not only maintain soil fertility but also stabilize crop yields (Marzouk et al., 2024). Microorganisms play an important role here. They are good at nutrient transformation, improving soil structure, and alleviating stress. After many places tried INM combined with soil testing and formula fertilization, not only did the yield increase, but farmers' income also increased (Liu et al., 2022). In particular, after the combination of chemical fertilizers, green manures and farmyard manure, the soil quality and resilience index increased significantly, laying the foundation for maintaining sustainable production under the pressure of climate change (Tripathy et al., 2023).
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