Rice Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.4, 180-198 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 194 This shows that different genetic types can achieve similar yield levels through different pathways. Secondly, in terms of cultivation management, reasonable density levels, fertilization strategies and plant protection measures enable the potential of different varieties to be fully utilized. For example, if the fertilizer and water in the later stage of "Yongyou 33" are not controlled, it is easy to lodging and reduce yield. However, in the demonstration, its lodging resistance was guaranteed by controlling fertilizer and water, thus giving full play to its potential for large panicles and increased yields; "Jiahe 567" achieved high ear formation rate and high fruiting rate under the protection of timely early sowing and insect control measures, making up for its general lack of fertilizer tolerance and maximizing its advantage of early maturing and large panicles. This shows that optimizing management based on variety characteristics is a necessary condition for increasing yield. Only when each variety is matched with a suitable cultivation mode can the best population structure and yield components be formed. For example, sparse planting of hybrid rice with strong tillering ability is conducive to ventilation and light transmission, reducing ineffective tillering; for conventional rice with average tillering ability, appropriate dense planting is used to ensure sufficient panicles. For another example, varieties with slightly weaker lodging resistance use nitrogen control technology to enhance stem strength, while fertilizer-tolerant varieties can appropriately increase fertilizer to exert their potential for increasing yield (Chen et al., 2019). In the dynamic process of yield formation, there are differences in population growth and dry matter distribution among different varieties, but high-yield varieties can often coordinate the relationship between vegetative growth and reproductive growth, and achieve a balance between early accumulation and late distribution. Comprehensive correlation analysis shows that large population spikelets, high ear formation rate and full filling are common characteristics of all high-yield varieties. The realization of these characteristics depends on the varieties' strong photosynthetic production capacity (for example, the varieties in the Dahong Village base have a high leaf area index) and a slow leaf senescence rate (Zhou et al., 2020). For example, "Yongyou 33" maintains a high green leaf area after heading, and the dry matter accumulation reaches more than 21 tons/hectare, which is the basis for its large ears and good fruiting. At the same time, management measures such as appropriate topdressing in the later stage can also delay premature leaf senescence and provide a continuous source of assimilates for high-yield varieties (Hou et al., 2021). In addition, the relationship between quality and yield is also a comprehensive consideration. The traditional view is that high yield often sacrifices quality, but new variety breeding is committed to taking both into account. Demonstration varieties such as "Jiahe 567" and "Xiushui 1717" have increased yields while maintaining good rice quality, which is closely related to their genetic background and reasonable cultivation. For example, timely harvesting and scientific drying can avoid the quality decline caused by delayed harvesting due to excessive pursuit of yield. Modern molecular breeding is also solving the contradiction between high yield and high quality, and has discovered some genes that can take into account both grain shape and yield. Studies have shown that changing the rice grain shape gene can improve rice quality but will lose 14% of yield. If this relationship can be balanced through molecular design, it will greatly improve the breeding efficiency of high-yield and high-quality varieties. Through demonstration tests and comparisons with typical varieties, this study revealed that the yield performance of new rice varieties depends on the combined effects of genetic characteristics and cultivation management. The growth traits of the variety (such as plant type, panicle type, and resistance) determine its yield increase path and adaptation to the environment, while the supporting cultivation technology converts these potentials into realistic high yields. Different types of new varieties can complement each other in terms of yield composition and learn from each other. Future breeding and cultivation should place more emphasis on the combination of the two, that is, the coordinated optimization of "variety × environment × management". For example, disease-resistant genes can be introduced into high-yield, non-disease-resistant varieties, or cultivation methods can be improved for varieties with weaker lodging resistance to compensate (Figure 4) (Fiaz et al., 2021).
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