Rice Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.4, 180-198 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 190 only increases production and efficiency, but also has important environmental significance. Excessive nitrogen application often leads to nitrogen leaching, volatilization and runoff loss, causing environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (Chivenge et al., 2021). The use of controlled-release fertilizers to reduce nitrogen excess can help reduce ammonia volatilization and nitrogen leaching in rice fields, and reduce the adverse effects of nitrogen fertilizer input on the environment. At the same time, controlling the total nitrogen dosage can also inhibit excessive plant growth and enhance lodging resistance, which is particularly critical for varieties with general fertilizer tolerance as mentioned above. It is worth mentioning that the total nitrogen fertilizer application rate of the demonstration base (15.4 kg/mu of pure nitrogen) is slightly lower than the conventional level, but the yield level has increased instead of decreased. This is consistent with many research results: by optimizing the fertilization method, even if the nitrogen application rate is appropriately reduced, the yield can still be maintained stable and the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate can be improved (Hu et al., 2023). The promotion and application of side deep fertilization equipment has further improved the accuracy and efficiency of controlled-release fertilizer application. The "one base and one topdressing" technology of controlled-release fertilizer has achieved significant fertilizer-saving and efficiency-enhancing effects in this demonstration. In the future, the promotion of this technology in rice production is expected to reduce the application of chemical fertilizers and reduce production costs while achieving stable, high yields and environmental friendliness. Improving the level of nitrogen fertilizer management is of great significance to achieving sustainable development of rice production. 5.3 Integrated green pest control practices The demonstration base has implemented the concept of "green plant protection" in the prevention and control of pests and diseases, and has comprehensively applied a variety of eco-friendly technologies to achieve good results. First, in terms of rice field ecological regulation, the base makes full use of the ridges and gaps between fields to plant flowering plants and insect-proof grasses. For example, nectar-producing flowers such as Cosmos and Sulfur Flower, as well as attractant plants such as Vetiver, are planted on both sides of the mechanized farming road. These companion plants provide habitats and food sources for natural enemies of rice fields (such as spiders, parasitic wasps, insectivorous flies, etc.), forming a "nectar source belt between flower fields", thereby increasing the number and diversity of natural enemies. Ali et al. (2019) pointed out that planting flowering plants on the ridges of rice fields can significantly increase the number of predatory ladybugs and parasitic wasps, and the parasitism rate is significantly improved. The number and damage symptoms of major pests in the ecological engineering fields are significantly lower than those in the control fields without flowers and plants, and the rice yield is not affected. The fields planted with flowers and plants are significantly less damaged by borers and planthoppers, indicating that ecological pest control has played a role. Secondly, the base promoted physical lure and control technology. After transplanting rice seedlings in each field, insect monitoring lamps or frequency-vibration insecticidal lamps were uniformly installed to lure and kill the nocturnal adult Chilo suppressalis and Sesamia inferi; and sex pheromone lures were hung to trap the adult rice leaf roller in a targeted manner to interfere with its reproductive cycle. These physical measures reduced the base number of pest populations and gained the initiative for subsequent prevention and control. Thirdly, in chemical control, the principles of precise use of drugs and green pesticides were adhered to. The demonstration field only used high-efficiency and low-toxic pesticides three times during the entire growth period: once in early July during the tillering period, three times from late August to early September during the heading period to prevent and control rice smut, and one more time before maturity depending on the insect situation. The agents used include Jinggangmycin, biological pesticide avermectin, etc., which are compounded with a small amount of high-efficiency chemical pesticides, and the dosage is strictly controlled. For example, the combination of "benzaproconazole + Jinggangmycin" is used to prevent and control rice smut, which improves the prevention effect while reducing the dosage of a single agent. To control planthoppers and borers, biological pesticides such as avermectin are used in rotation with chemical agents to reduce resistance. This precise and small-scale application strategy greatly reduces the total amount of pesticides used. It is estimated that the amount of active ingredients of pesticides per mu in the demonstration field is more than 20% less than the conventional amount, and the incidence of pests and diseases has not increased.
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