Rice Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 132-139 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 137 increase economic values by over 10% compared to mono-rice farming. The system also improves soil health and reduces the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides, aligning with sustainable agricultural goals (Wan et al., 2019; Hou et al., 2020; Ye et al., 2024). 7 Technological Innovations and System Optimization 7.1 Digital tools and smart monitoring While the provided papers focus primarily on the ecological and economic benefits of integrated rice farming systems, they do not specifically address the use of digital tools and smart monitoring technologies. The studies concentrate on comparing different integrated systems and their impact on soil health, nutrient recycling, and overall productivity (Nayak et al., 2018; Fu et al., 2024; Ranjith et al., 2024). The evaluation of water and soil quality indices is mentioned as a helpful tool for farm management decisions, but not in the context of digital or smart technology (Nayak et al., 2018). 7.2 Enhanced cultivation and integration strategies Integrated rice farming systems, such as rice-fish, rice-duck, and rice-fish-duck, enhance overall productivity through effective nutrient recycling (Nayak et al., 2018). Integrating goats into rice-fish systems can significantly increase rice yield, the number of filled spikelets per panicle, and the number of panicles per land area (Tokpanou et al., 2024). Furthermore, incorporating farming system components like Azolla, fish, and duck as nutrient sources can positively impact rice growth and productivity (Ranjith et al., 2024). Optimal combinations of compost and local liquid organic fertilizers can further enhance the yield of both rice and fish in integrated systems (Yassi et al., 2023). Meta-analysis shows that rice-animal co-culture systems can optimize the paddy ecosystem and increase rice yield (Liu et al., 2022). 7.3 Integrated solutions for ecological optimization Integrated rice farming systems offer integrated solutions for ecological optimization by improving soil health, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and promoting biodiversity (Nayak et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2023; Ye et al., 2024). These systems enhance soil fertility through nutrient recycling and increased soil organic carbon and nitrogen storage (Nayak et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2023). The integration of rice with aquatic animals can lead to reduced methane and nitrous oxide emissions, contributing to climate change mitigation (Zhang et al., 2023). Different co-culture modes, such as rice-duck and rice-crayfish, have varying effects on greenhouse gas emissions and soil fertility, highlighting the importance of selecting appropriate integration strategies (Zhang et al., 2023). The co-culture of rice with fish or waterfowl had the greatest benefits for both rice yield and quality (Li et al., 2022). 8 Concluding Remarks The integration of rice-fish farming systems has demonstrated significant positive impacts on both rice yield and ecological health. Studies have shown that rice-fish co-culture can enhance rice yield by improving soil fertility and reducing pest incidences, which in turn decreases the need for chemical inputs like pesticides and fertilizers. This system also supports biodiversity, as the presence of fish and other aquatic animals contributes to nutrient recycling and pest control, leading to a more balanced ecosystem. Additionally, integrated systems have been found to improve soil structure and increase soil organic carbon and nitrogen storage, further supporting sustainable agricultural practices. The findings suggest that adopting rice-fish integrated farming systems can lead to higher economic returns and improved ecological outcomes compared to traditional rice monoculture. Practitioners are encouraged to consider these systems as a viable option for sustainable agriculture, particularly in regions where environmental degradation and resource scarcity are concerns. Future research should focus on optimizing these systems by exploring different combinations of aquatic species and management practices to maximize both economic and ecological benefits. Additionally, studies should investigate the long-term impacts of these systems on greenhouse gas emissions and climate change mitigation.
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