Rice Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 116-131 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 126 rice-duck-shrimp farming on nutrient loss, and the results showed that compared with conventional rice fields, the total nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses were reduced by 24.3% and 10.3%, respectively. This is mainly due to the improvement of nutrient recycling efficiency within the system and the improvement of the field environment. For example, in rice-duck farming fields, the soil is more permeable due to the ducks digging up the mud, and the rice root system is well developed, so more fertilizer nitrogen is retained in the soil-crop system rather than lost. For another example, because herbicides and insecticides are not applied to rice-fish fields, the pesticide residues in the field water are close to zero and will not enter the surrounding water environment through drainage. Integrated farming can also reduce greenhouse gas emissions from rice fields, which is also a manifestation of environmental benefits. Miao et al. (2025) reported that rice-duck farming significantly inhibited methane (CH4) emissions from rice fields, and the overall warming potential of the system decreased, which helped to mitigate the impact of agriculture on climate change. Although greenhouse gases do not directly belong to non-point source pollution, they are also worthy of recognition as part of the green benefits (Figure 3) (Xu et al., 2017). It should be pointed out that integrated farming is not without environmental risks. For example, if the rice-fish field with too much feeding is not well managed, the field surface water may also become eutrophic. Therefore, it is necessary to limit its environmental load within the tolerable range of the ecosystem through scientific stocking density and feed control. In general, a large number of studies and practices have proved that the rational implementation of integrated rice farming can achieve weight reduction and pesticide reduction while maintaining stable production and high efficiency, and is one of the effective ways to develop green agriculture and control agricultural non-point source pollution. Figure 3 Effect pathways of rice-duck farming system on greenhouse gas emissions from rice fields and its regulatory mechanism (Adapted from Xu et al., 2017) 6.2 Improved soil nutrient retention and efficiency The sustainability of integrated rice farming is also reflected in the protection and efficient utilization of soil nutrient resources. Long-term single crop production often leads to "overdraft" of soil nutrients, while integrated farming is conducive to restoring soil nutrient reserves and improving system nutrient utilization efficiency. As mentioned above, integrated farming can steadily increase and maintain the nutrient reserves of rice field soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and other nutrients at a high level. This means that as time goes by,
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