Rice Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 106-115 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 111 phylogenetic clues, so as to help us more accurately select targets suitable for CRISPR/Cas9 knockout (Hong et al., 2020). And databases like funRiceGenes connect various types of omics data and build a large and comprehensive rice gene archive. It not only lists the functions of various genes, but also integrates their interaction networks, allowing researchers to see which biological processes a gene is involved in and what "chain reactions" may occur (Yao et al., 2017). Figure 2 Effects of OsSAPon cellular antioxidants and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in Ilmi, GeD, and OsSAP-T6 lines under normal and drought conditions (Adopted from Park et al., 2022) Image caption: Under drought conditions, the effects of OsSAP on the level of endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), the accumulation of proline (proline), the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), the activity of peroxidase (POD), and the activity of catalase (CAT). Data presented are expressed as mean ± SD from five independent biological experiments per line. Bars represent means ± SE. Means denoted by the same letter are not significantly different (P< 0.05) as evaluated by Duncan’s multiple range test. The GeD lines showed reduced drought tolerance, whereas the OsSAP-T6 lines showed increased drought tolerance before drought stress, and 20 days after germination. Drought stress treatment; phenotypic changes at 20% soil moisture content. Phenotypes after 7 days of recovery achieved by watering (recovery from 20% soil moisture content). Phenotypes of 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) staining when the soil moisture content was 20%. After drought stress treatment, H2O2 was visualized as brown spots by DAB, and O2 - as blue spots by NBT. The picture presented is the most representative of five independent biological experiments per each line. I: Ilmi. G: GeD0 1-1. T: OsSAP-T6. Different letters on columns represent significant (P < 0.05) difference between rice lines based on Duncan’s test (Adopted from Park et al., 2022)
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