Rice Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 71-85 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 83 The optimal planting density varies in different ecological regions and variety types, and needs to be adjusted according to local conditions. In areas with high temperature and rainfall and high risk of lodging, it is advisable to appropriately reduce the density to enhance lodging resistance and stable yield; in areas with sufficient light and heat resources and weak tillering ability, the density can be increased to increase the potential number of panicles. Japonica rice, conventional rice, etc. can use lower basic seedlings, while hybrid indica rice usually requires higher basic seedlings. Regional trials and demonstrations are crucial to exploring the optimal density parameters in various places. Optimizing planting density can generally improve resource utilization efficiency and bring better economic benefits while increasing yield. Moderately dense planting usually increases nitrogen fertilizer utilization and enhances weed suppression, thereby reducing the input cost per kilogram of rice. Empirical cases show that while increasing yield through density management, farmers' net income also increases simultaneously. However, we should guard against the risk of rice quality decline and disease caused by excessive dense planting to avoid affecting quality benefits. In practice, the optimization of planting density needs to be integrated with cultivation technology. Measures such as single-plant dense planting by machine, wide and narrow row spacing configuration, and fertilizer and water regulation during the tillering period can effectively alleviate the negative impact of density changes and amplify the yield-increasing effect of density optimization. When promoting dense planting and high-yield technology, different regions should provide a complete technical solution, including improvement of seedling raising methods, integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy, etc., to ensure the realization of the expected effect. Optimizing planting density is a core strategy for high-yield rice cultivation. Its principle is simple and clear, and the operation is relatively easy. It has been proven to have the potential to increase yield in all kinds of rice farming ecology. Looking to the future, more attention should be paid to refined group management in rice production, and planting density should be used as a precise cultivation parameter for scientific design and dynamic regulation. At the same time, strengthen the research on related mechanisms and intelligent monitoring to provide a basis for density decision-making in different situations. Through research and promotion, fully tapping the production potential of rice groups and achieving the unity of high yield, high quality and high efficiency is an important way to ensure food security and sustainable agricultural development. Acknowledgments The author expresses deep gratitude to Professor R. Cai from the Zhejiang Agronomist College for his thorough review of the manuscript and constructive suggestions. The author also extends thanks to the two anonymous peer reviewers for their valuable revision recommendations. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Chen G.Y., Peng L.G., Li C.M., Tu Y.B., Lan Y., Wu C.Y., Duan Q., Zhang Q.Q., Yang H., and Li T., 2023, Effects of the potassium application rate on lipid synthesis and eating quality of two rice cultivars, Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 22(7): 2025-2040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jia.2022.09.020 Chen H.F., Feng Y., Cai H.M., Xu F.S., Zhou W., Liu F., Pang Z.M., and Li D.R., 2014, Effect of the interaction of nitrogen and transplanting density on the rice population structure and grain yield in low-yield paddy fields, Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 20(6): 1319-1328. https://doi.org/10.11674/zwyf.2014.0601 Guo S., Yu H., Zeng X., Shangguan Y., Zhou Z., Li X., Liu Z., He M., Luo X., Ouyang Y., Liu S., Wei L., Qin Y., and Chen K., 2024, Balancing yield and environmental impact: nitrogen management and planting density for rice in Southwest China, Agronomy, 14(8): 1843. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081843 Hou W.F., Khan R.M., Zhang J.L., Lu J.W., Ren T., Cong R.H., and Li X.K., 2019, Nitrogen rate and plant density interaction enhances radiation interception, yield and nitrogen use efficiency of mechanically transplanted rice, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 269: 183-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.10.001
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