Rice Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 61-70 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 68 7.3 Digital decision support systems Digital decision support systems (DSS) are increasingly being used to optimize water and fertilizer management in rice cultivation. These systems integrate data from various sources to provide real-time recommendations for irrigation and fertilization, thus enhancing resource use efficiency. For example, DSS can help in determining the optimal timing and amount of irrigation and fertilizer application, which can lead to improved yields and reduced input costs (Santiago‐Arenas et al., 2021; Zhu et al., 2024a). By leveraging data analytics, these systems can also predict crop performance under different management scenarios, aiding in better decision-making (Zhu et al., 2024b). 8 Challenges and Future Directions The adoption of direct seeding in rice production faces several barriers despite its potential benefits in water and labor savings. One significant challenge is the increased fertilizer use associated with direct seeding, which can deter farmers due to higher input costs and environmental concerns (Zhang and Hu, 2022). Additionally, the transition from traditional transplanting methods to direct seeding requires changes in farm management practices, which can be a barrier for farmers accustomed to conventional methods (Zhang et al., 2018). The need for precise water and nitrogen management to optimize yield and resource use efficiency further complicates adoption (Pratap et al., 2022). Enhancing the climate resilience of direct-seeded rice systems is crucial, given the increasing variability in weather patterns. Water management strategies such as alternate wetting and drying (AWD) have shown promise in reducing water use and greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to more sustainable rice production (Islam et al., 2020). However, these methods require careful implementation to maintain yield levels, which can be challenging under unpredictable climate conditions (Santiago‐Arenas et al., 2021). The integration of organic fertilizers has also been suggested to improve soil health and resilience, although this approach requires further research to optimize its effectiveness in different environmental contexts (Guo et al., 2022). Future research should focus on optimizing water and fertilizer management to enhance yield and resource use efficiency in direct-seeded rice systems. Studies have highlighted the potential of precision nitrogen management and controlled-release fertilizers to improve nitrogen use efficiency and reduce environmental impacts (Zhang et al., 2018; Fu et al., 2023). Additionally, exploring the synergistic effects of combined organic and inorganic fertilization on soil health and yield could provide insights into sustainable practices (Guo et al., 2022). Research should also prioritize developing climate-resilient rice varieties and management practices that can withstand extreme weather events while maintaining productivity (Zhu et al., 2024b). Acknowledgments The author expresses deep gratitude to Professor R. Cai from the Zhejiang Agronomist College for his thorough review of the manuscript and constructive suggestions. The author also extends thanks to the two anonymous peer reviewers for their valuable revision recommendations.The project was supported by Pinghu Agricultural Technology Extension Foundation in 2024 Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Bhandari S., Khanal S., and Dhakal S., 2020, Adoption of direct seeded rice (DSR) over puddled-transplanted rice (TPR) for resource conservation and increasing wheat yield, Reviews in Food and Agriculture, 1: 59-66. https://doi.org/10.26480/rfna.02.2020.59.66 Cheng S., Xing Z., Tian C., Weng W., Hu Q., and Zhang H., 2023, Optimization of one-time fertilization scheme achieved the balance of yield, quality and economic benefits of direct-seeded rice, Plants, 12(10): 2047. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12102047 Fu Y., Huang N., Zhong X., Mai G., Pan H., Xu H., Liu Y., Liang K., Pan J., Xiao J., Hu X., Hu R., Li M., and Ye Q., 2023, Improving grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of direct-seeded rice with simplified and nitrogen-reduced practices under a double-cropping system in South China, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 103(12): 5727-5737. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.12644
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