Rice Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 14-23 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 19 cow dung has resulted in better plant growth and yield, leading to improved grain appearance in black rice (Chowdhury et al., 2024). Additionally, the use of poultry manure and other organic amendments has been associated with increased grain yield and improved physical characteristics of rice grains (Kaur et al., 2023). 5.2 Nutritional enrichment and enhancement INM practices significantly enhance the nutritional quality of rice grains. The integration of organic and inorganic fertilizers has been shown to increase the protein content and essential micronutrients such as potassium in rice grains. For example, a study found that a combination of 75% inorganic fertilizer and 25% cow dung resulted in higher protein and potassium content in black rice (Chowdhury et al., 2024). Moreover, the use of poultry manure has been linked to improved nutrient uptake, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which are crucial for enhancing the nutritional profile of rice grains (Urmi et al., 2022; Kaur et al., 2023). 5.3 Improvements in palatability and processing traits 5.3.1 Gel consistency and taste evaluation The application of INM can positively affect the gel consistency and taste of rice, which are important for consumer preference. The balanced nutrient supply from both organic and inorganic sources can lead to better starch quality, influencing the texture and taste of cooked rice. Although specific studies on gel consistency and taste evaluation are limited, the overall improvement in grain quality through INM suggests potential benefits in these areas (Zhang et al., 2020). 5.3.2 Variations in amylose content INM practices can influence the amylose content of rice, which is a key determinant of cooking and eating quality. The integration of organic amendments such as farmyard manure with chemical fertilizers has been shown to affect the starch composition of rice grains, potentially leading to variations in amylose content. This can result in rice with desirable cooking properties, such as a softer texture and better taste (Walia et al., 2024). 5.3.3 Performance across different processing applications Rice grains produced under INM systems have shown improved performance in various processing applications. The enhanced grain quality, including better nutritional content and physical characteristics, makes them suitable for diverse processing needs. The use of organic amendments like poultry manure has been associated with increased grain yield and quality, which can translate into better performance in milling and other processing applications (Urmi et al., 2022; Kaur et al., 2023). 6 Yield and Agronomic Performance 6.1 Yield-quality trade-off coordination Integrated nutrient management (INM) practices have shown significant potential in balancing the trade-off between yield and quality in rice production. Studies indicate that combining organic and inorganic fertilizers can enhance both yield and nutritional quality. For instance, the application of 75% inorganic fertilizer with 25% cow dung resulted in the highest grain yield and improved nutritional quality in black rice, demonstrating a successful coordination between yield and quality (Chowdhury et al., 2024). Similarly, the use of integrated crop management practices has been shown to increase grain yield while maintaining or improving the nutritional quality of rice, suggesting that INM can effectively manage the yield-quality trade-off (Wang et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2018). 6.2 Plant height and grain setting under different regimes The application of integrated nutrient management significantly influences plant height and grain setting. For example, a study in Tamil Nadu reported that the combined application of inorganic fertilizers and vermicompost resulted in higher plant height and improved grain setting, as evidenced by increased numbers of productive tillers and filled grains per panicle (Udhaya et al., 2024). Additionally, the use of integrated crop management practices, which include optimized nutrient management, has been shown to enhance plant growth parameters such as plant height and tiller number, contributing to improved grain setting.
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