Rice Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 1-13 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 11 and exploring new genetic elements that can be utilized for hybrid rice improvement. Additionally, the integration of advanced biotechnological methods, such as CRISPR/Cas9, the third generation of genetic engineering GMS lines, can accelerate the development of new MS systems and enhance the efficiency of hybrid rice breeding. Continued efforts in this field will contribute to the sustainable production of hybrid rice and global food security. Acknowledgments We extend our sincere thanks to two anonymous peer reviewers for their invaluable feedback on the initial draft of this paper, whose critical evaluations and constructive suggestions have greatly contributed to the improvement of our manuscript. Funding This work was supported by the grants from the Central Leading Local Science and Technology Development Project (grant no. 202207AA110010) and the Key and Major Science and Technology Projects of Yunnan (grant nos. 202202AE09002102, 202402AE090026-04). Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Abbas A., Yu P., Sun L., Yang Z., Chen D., Cheng S., and Cao L., 2021, Exploiting genic male sterility in rice: from molecular dissection to breeding applications, Frontiers in Plant Science, 12: 629314. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.629314 Chang Z., Chen Z., Wang N., Xie G., Lu J., Yan W., Zhou J., Tang X., and Deng X., 2016, Construction of a male sterility system for hybrid rice breeding and seed production using a nuclear male sterility gene, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113: 14145-14150. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613792113 Chen L., and Liu Y., 2014, Male sterility and fertility restoration in crops, Annual Review of Plant Biology, 65: 579-606. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-040119 Chen H., Zhang Z., Ni E., Lin J., Peng G., Huang J., Zhu L., Deng L., Yang F., Luo Q., Sun W., Liu Z., Zhuang C., Liu Y.G., and Zhou H., 2020, HMS1 interacts with HMS1I to regulate very-long-chain fattyacid biosynthesis and the humidity-sensitive genic male sterilityin rice (Oryza sativa), New Phytologist, 225: 2077-2093. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16288 Deng H.F., Shu F.B., and Yuan D.Y., 1999, An overview of research and utilization of Annong S-1, Hybrid Rice,14: 1-3. Ding J., Shen J., Mao H., Xie W., Li X., and Zhang Q., 2012, RNA-directed DNA methylation is involved in regulating photoperiod-sensitive male sterility in rice, Molecular Plant, 5(6): 1210-1216. https://doi.org/10.1093/mp/sss095 Fan Y., and Zhang Q., 2017, Genetic and molecular characterization of photoperiod and thermo-sensitive male sterility in rice, Plant Reproduction, 31: 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-017-0310-5 Fang Y., Yang J., Guo X., Qin Y., Zhou H., Liao S., Liu F., Qin B., Zhuang C., and Li R., 2022, CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutagenesis of TMS5 confers thermosensitive genic male sterility by influencing protein expression in rice (Oryza sativa L.), International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(15): 8354. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158354 Hu X., and Qian Q., 2021, Revisiting and thinking on research of japonica hybrid rice in China, China Rice, 27(4): 9-11. Jiang H., Lu Q., Qiu S., Yu H., Wang Z., Yu Z., Lu Y., Wang L., Xia F., Wu Y., Li F., Zhang Q., Liu G., Song D., Ma C., Ding Q., Zhang X., Zhang L., Zhang X., Li X., Zhang J., Xiao J., Li X., Wang N., Ouyang Y., Zhou F., and Zhang Q., 2022, Fujian cytoplasmic male sterility and the fertility restorer gene OsRf19 provide a promising breeding system for hybrid rice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(34): e2208759119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2208759119 Jiang Y., An X., Li Z., Yan T., Zhu T., Xie K., Liu S., Hou Q., Zhao L., Wu S., Liu X., Zhang S., He W., Li F., Li J., and Wan X., 2021, CRISPR/Cas9‐based discovery of maize transcription factors regulating male sterility and their functional conservation in plants, Plant Biotechnology Journal, 19: 1769-1784. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.13590 Jin Z., Seo J., Kim B., Lee S., and Koh H., 2021, Identification of a candidate gene for the novel cytoplasmic male sterility derived from inter-subspecific crosses in rice (Oryza sativa L.), Genes, 12(4): 590. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12040590 Koh H.J., Son Y.H., Heu M.H., Lee H.S., and Mccouch S.R., 1999, Molecular mapping of a new genic male-sterility gene causing chalky endosperm in rice (Oryza sativa L.), Euphytica, 106(1): 57-62. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003575016035 Lei D.K., Jian A.Q., Huang X.B., Liu Xi, and Chen L.M., 2023, Anther-specific expression of OsRIP1 causes dominant male sterility in rice, Plant Biotechnology Journal, 21(10): 1932-1934. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.14140
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