Rice Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 1-13 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 9 6.3 Enhancing hybrid rice yield and stability Enhancing the yield and stability of hybrid rice involves the continuous exploration and application of MS genes. The identification and characterization of GMS genes have deepened our understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling anther and pollen development, facilitating the development of biotechnology-based MS systems (Zhou et al., 2016; Wan et al., 2019). The use of novel strategies, such as combining CMS and GMS genes, has led to the creation of third-generation hybrid rice technology（Wang and Deng, 2018; Song et al., 2020）, which offers stable sterility and improved hybrid seed production (Chang et al., 2016; Li et al., 2022). 6.4 Challenges and solutions in practical breeding Despite the advancements, several challenges remain in the practical breeding of hybrid rice. The genetic complexity of MS and fertility restoration systems can complicate the breeding process. However, the development of single-gene inheritance systems, such as the FA-CMS/OsRf19 system, has simplified the breeding process and improved hybrid performance (Jiang et al., 2022). Additionally, the use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology has accelerated the development of sterile lines, addressing the time constraints associated with traditional breeding methods (Figure 5) (Chang et al., 2016; Abbas et al., 2021). The continuous exploration of genetic and biotechnological approaches will be essential to overcome these challenges and enhance the efficiency of hybrid rice breeding. By leveraging these advancements, the future prospects of hybrid rice breeding look promising, with the potential to significantly improve rice productivity and ensure global food security. Figure 5 Genetic network of genic male sterility (GMS) genes for anther and pollen development including lipid and polysaccharide metabolism (Adopted from Abbas et al., 2021) Image caption: The diagram serves as a comprehensive visual representation of the intricate genetic and molecular processes involved in anther and pollen development in rice, particularly focusing on the role of GMS genes and their associated metabolic pathways (Adopted from Abbas et al., 2021)
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