Rice Genomics and Genetics 2024, Vol.15, No.6, 277-286 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 285 diverse genetic resources will further enhance the breeding of superior intersubspecific hybrids. Moreover, the continuous improvement of plant types, such as heavy panicle type and super high yielding ideotype, will remain a focus to achieve super high yields. Integrating intersubspecific heterosis with high-yield traits presents a promising avenue for achieving significant yield improvements in hybrid rice. The exploitation of intersubspecific heterosis through the development of indica-japonica intermediate parental lines and the introgression of favorable genes from both subspecies has shown considerable potential. The use of molecular marker-assisted selection to pyramid different heterosis genes from various rice ecotypes can further enhance hybrid vigor. Additionally, the identification and utilization of yield-enhancing genes from wild rice and the construction of autoregulated senescence delaying genes are expected to dramatically improve the heterosis of hybrid rice. The success of China's ‘super’ hybrid rice breeding, which combines the ideotype approach with intersubspecific heterosis, underscores the effectiveness of this strategy in breaking the yield ceiling. The research on hybrid rice has yielded several key findings that underscore the potential of hybrid vigor in enhancing rice productivity. The genetic dissection of yield traits in elite hybrids has identified overdominance as a principal genetic basis of heterosis, suggesting complex genetic and biochemical mechanisms underlying hybrid vigor. The development of high-yielding hybrid varieties through the ideotype approach and intersubspecific heterosis has demonstrated significant yield advantages over traditional varieties. Furthermore, the identification of wide compatibility genes and the development of diverse WCVs have facilitated the breeding of superior intersubspecific hybrids. The integration of biotechnological interventions, such as molecular marker-assisted selection and the cloning of key enzymes related to the C4 pathway, has further enhanced the genetic enhancement and sustainability of hybrid rice. Acknowledgments We also thank the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions that greatly improved the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Azad A., Sarker U., Ercişli S., Assouguem A., Ullah R., Almeer R., Sayed A., and Peluso I., 2022, Evaluation of combining ability and heterosis of popular restorer and male sterile lines for the development of superior rice hybrids, Agronomy, 12(4): 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040965 Cheng S., Zhuang J., Fan Y., Du J., and Cao L., 2007, Progress in research and development on hybrid rice: a super-domesticate in China, Annals of Botany, 100: 959-966. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcm121 Dan Z., Liu P., Huang W., Zhou W., Yao G., Hu J., Zhu R., Lu B., and Zhu Y., 2014, Balance between a higher degree of heterosis and increased reproductive isolation: a strategic design for breeding inter-subspecific hybrid rice, PLoS One, 9(3): e93122. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093122 Duan M., Sun Z., Shu L., Tan Y., Yu D., Sun X., Liu R., Li Y., Gong S., and Yuan D., 2013, Genetic analysis of an elite super-hybrid rice parent using high-density SNP markers, Rice, 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1939-8433-6-21 Fujimoto R., Uezono K., Ishikura S., Osabe K., Peacock W., and Dennis E., 2018, Recent research on the mechanism of heterosis is important for crop and vegetable breeding systems, Breeding Science, 68(2): 145-158. https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.17155 Gaballah M., Attia K., Ghoneim A., Khan N., EL-Ezz A., Yang B., Xiao L., Ibrahim E., and Al-Doss A., 2022, Assessment of genetic parameters and gene action associated with heterosis for enhancing yield characters in novel hybrid rice parental lines, Plants, 11(3): 266. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030266 Goff S., and Zhang Q., 2013, Heterosis in elite hybrid rice: speculation on the genetic and biochemical mechanisms, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 16(2): 221-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2013.03.009
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