Rice Genomics and Genetics 2024, Vol.15, No.4, 153-163 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 160 lines in high-yielding, semi-dwarf backgrounds to improve yield under multiple abiotic stresses without undesirable linkage drag (Kumar et al., 2020). Allocate resources effectively between traditional breeding methods and modern biotechnological tools to maximize yield improvements (Altaf et al., 2021). By following these best practices and recommendations, future molecular breeding programs can continue to develop high-yielding, stress-resistant rice varieties, ensuring food security in the face of global climate change and increasing population demands. 6 Future Directions and Challenges 6.1 Emerging technologies in molecular breeding The future of molecular breeding in rice is poised to benefit significantly from emerging technologies. Advances in genomic tools such as CRISPR-Cas9, marker-assisted selection (MAS), and haplotype-based breeding are expected to revolutionize rice breeding programs by enabling precise genetic modifications and efficient selection of desirable traits (Singh et al., 2022). The integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic data has shown promise in enhancing the predictability of hybrid yield, with methods like LASSO and BLUP demonstrating substantial improvements in yield prediction (Xu et al., 2016). Additionally, the rational design of rice ideotypes, leveraging wide-cross compatibility and intersubspecific heterosis, is anticipated to unlock new potentials for high-yield and superior quality rice varieties (Qian et al., 2016). 6.2 Addressing climate change and food security Climate change poses a significant threat to rice production, necessitating the development of rice varieties that are resilient to environmental stresses such as heat, drought, and salinity. Research has identified several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and candidate genes associated with heat tolerance, which can be exploited through marker-assisted breeding to develop heat-tolerant rice cultivars (Raza et al., 2020). Moreover, understanding the molecular basis of plant architecture and its regulation under stress conditions is crucial for breeding high-yielding rice varieties that can sustain production under adverse environmental conditions (Nutan et al., 2020). The systematic evaluation of rice varieties has shown that improvements in yield stability and sensitivity to climate resources are critical for maintaining or increasing yields under environmental anomalies (Wang et al., 2021). 6.3 Ethical and regulatory considerations The application of advanced genetic strategies in rice breeding raises important ethical and regulatory considerations. The use of genetic engineering and genome editing technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas9, necessitates careful assessment of potential risks and benefits to ensure the safety and acceptance of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) (Altaf et al., 2021). Regulatory frameworks must be established to oversee the development and deployment of genetically engineered rice varieties, ensuring that they meet safety standards and address public concerns. Additionally, ethical considerations related to the equitable distribution of benefits from these technologies must be addressed to ensure that advancements in rice breeding contribute to global food security and do not exacerbate existing inequalities (Li and Zhang, 2013). The future of molecular breeding for enhanced rice yield lies in the integration of emerging technologies, addressing the challenges posed by climate change, and navigating the ethical and regulatory landscape. By leveraging these advancements, researchers and breeders can develop high-yielding, resilient rice varieties that contribute to global food security. 7 Concluding Remarks This study discusses the key role of molecular breeding techniques in improving rice yield, with a particular focus on key yield related genes such as Gn1a, GS3, DEP1, APO1, GW2, and Wx. These genes affect yield and quality by regulating the growth and development process of rice. Molecular breeding techniques such as MAS, GS, and CRISPR/Cas9 have been widely applied in precision breeding and have achieved significant results. Gene expression and functional genomics methods contribute to a deeper understanding of gene function. In the future, it is necessary to further explore the gene network related to yield, utilize high-throughput phenotype technology and gene editing technology, and strengthen interdisciplinary cooperation to address global food security challenges.
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