Rice Genomics and Genetics 2024, Vol.15, No.3, 142-152 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 150 Studies have also demonstrated that increasing nitrogen rates can significantly enhance grain yield, although the genetic improvement's contribution to yield increases may be less than previously believed (Samonte et al., 2006). The negative correlation between yield and protein concentration in cereals has been consistently observed, emphasizing the challenge of improving both yield and nutritional quality simultaneously. Genotypic differences in nutrient uptake and utilization efficiency further contribute to variations in grain yield under different fertilization conditions. Additionally, the association between grain zinc and iron content with seed yield suggests potential for breeding micronutrient-rich rice varieties without compromising yield. The development of green super rice varieties with high nutrient use efficiency through phenotypic selection under varied nutrient conditions has also shown promise (Duan et al., 2020). Future research should focus on several key areas to further enhance the nutrient content and yield in rice. There is a need for more comprehensive studies on the genetic basis of nutrient content and yield traits, particularly through advanced QTL mapping and genome-wide association studies (Duan et al., 2022). Exploring the potential of combining high NUE with other desirable traits, such as disease resistance and drought tolerance, could lead to the development of more resilient rice varieties. The integration of conventional breeding techniques with modern molecular breeding and genetic engineering approaches should be prioritized to achieve significant improvements in both yield and nutritional quality (Singh et al., 2021). Additionally, research should investigate the socio-economic impacts of adopting nutritionally enhanced rice varieties, particularly in developing countries where rice is a staple food. The potential impacts of improving nutrient content and yield in rice on global food security and nutrition are profound. Enhancing the nutritional quality of rice can address micronutrient deficiencies in populations that rely heavily on rice as a staple food, thereby improving overall health outcomes (Jewel et al., 2019). Moreover, increasing rice yield through genetic and agronomic interventions can contribute to food security by ensuring a stable and sufficient food supply. The integration of advanced breeding techniques and genetic engineering holds promise for developing rice varieties that meet the dual goals of high yield and enhanced nutritional quality, ultimately contributing to sustainable agricultural practices and improved livelihoods for farmers worldwide. Continued research and collaboration among scientists, breeders, and policymakers will be essential to realize these benefits and address the challenges associated with improving rice nutrition and yield. Acknowledgments The author extend sincere thanks to two anonymous peer reviewers for their feedback on the manuscript, whose suggestions have contributed to the improvement of the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Ajmera S., 2017, Character association analysis for grain iron and zinc concentrations and grain yield components in rice genotypes, International Journal of Pure and Applied Bioscience, 5(4): 940-945. https://doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.5694 Ashokkumar K., Govindaraj M., Karthikeyan A., Shobhana V., and Warkentin T., 2020, Genomics-integrated breeding for carotenoids and folates in staple cereal grains to reduce malnutrition, Frontiers in Genetics, 11: 414. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2020.00414 Assaha D.V.M., Ueda A., Saneoka H., Al-Yahyai R., and Yaish M.W., 2017, The role of Na+ and K+ transporters in salt stress adaptation in glycophytes, Front Physiol., 8(2): 509. Das P., Adak S., and Majumder A., 2020, Genetic manipulation for improved nutritional quality in rice, Frontiers in Genetics, 11: 776. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2020.00776 Duan L., Wu T., Li X., Huang, D., Li X., Wen X., Chen P., Xie J., and Hu B., 2022, QTL detection for grain yield and micro-nutrition contents in rice (Oryza sativa) using an interspecific backcross population derived from Dongxiang wild rice (Oryza rufipogon), Crop and Pasture Science, 73(11): 1253-1263. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22039 Ganapati R.K., Naveed S.M., Zafar S., Wang W.S., and Xu J.L., 2022, Saline-alkali tolerance in rice: physiological response, molecular mechanism, and QTL identification and application to breeding, Rice Science, 29(5): 412-434. Gregorio G., 2002, Progress in breeding for trace minerals in staple crops, The Journal of Nutrition, 132(3): 500S-502S. https://doi.org/10.1093/JN/132.3.500S
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