Rice Genomics and Genetics 2024, Vol.15, No.3, 132-141 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 139 8 Concluding Remarks The exploration of natural genetic diversity in wild rice has revealed significant insights into the genetic basis of important agronomic traits in cultivated rice. Key findings include the identification of the GSE5 gene, which controls grain size through variations in its promoter region, contributing to grain size diversity in rice. The development of an introgression library from various AA genome Oryza species has provided a valuable resource for rice improvement, identifying novel allelic variations associated with traits such as grain length and width. Resequencing efforts have highlighted the genetic markers and candidate regions selected during rice domestication, which are crucial for breeding programs. Additionally, the de novo domestication of wild allotetraploid rice has demonstrated the potential to develop new staple cereals with enhanced traits. The genetic diversity in wild rice populations has been systematically evaluated, leading to the creation of a core collection for conservation and future breeding efforts. The findings underscore the importance of harnessing natural genetic diversity from wild rice to enhance cultivated varieties. Future research should focus on further characterizing the genetic basis of agronomically important traits and exploring the potential of wild rice alleles in breeding programs. The introgression of beneficial alleles from wild species into elite cultivars can broaden the genetic base and improve traits such as yield, stress resistance, and grain quality. Advanced genomic tools and genome editing technologies offer promising avenues for accelerating the domestication process and developing new crop varieties with desirable traits. Additionally, the conservation of genetic diversity through core collections and ex situ conservation efforts is crucial for maintaining a reservoir of genetic resources for future breeding initiatives. The integration of wild rice alleles into cultivated varieties holds great promise for addressing the challenges of food security and climate change. By leveraging the genetic diversity present in wild rice, breeders can develop more resilient and high-yielding rice varieties. Continued research and collaboration among geneticists, breeders, and agronomists will be essential to fully realize the potential of natural genetic diversity in rice improvement. The advancements in genomic technologies and the establishment of comprehensive genetic resources will play a pivotal role in shaping the future of rice breeding and ensuring sustainable agricultural practices. Acknowledgments The author extends sincere thanks to two anonymous peer reviewers for their invaluable feedback on the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Abdullah M., Okemo P., Furtado A., and Henry R., 2022, Potential of genome editing to capture diversity from Australian wild rice relatives, Frontiers in Plant Science, 4: 875243. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgeed.2022.875243. Ali J., Aslam U., Tariq R., Murugaiyan V., Schnable P., Li D., Marfori-Nazarea C., Hernandez J., Arif M., Xu J., and Li Z., 2018, Exploiting the genomic diversity of rice (Oryza sativa L.): SNP-Typing in 11 early-backcross introgression-breeding populations, Frontiers in Plant Science, 9: 849. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00849. Ali M., Sanchez P., Yu S., Lorieux M., Lorieux M., and Eizenga G., 2010, Chromosome segment substitution lines: a powerful tool for the introgression of valuable genes fromOryza wild species into cultivated rice (O. sativa), Rice, 3: 218-234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12284-010-9058-3. Ammiraju J., Song X., Luo M., Sisneros N., Angelova A., Kudrna D., Kim H., Yu Y., Goicoechea J., Lorieux M., Kurata N., Brar D., Ware D., Jackson S., and Wing R., 2010, The Oryza BAC resource: a genus-wide and genome scale tool for exploring rice genome evolution and leveraging useful genetic diversity from wild relatives, Breeding Science, 60(5): 536-543. https://doi.org/10.1270/JSBBS.60.536. Chen E., Huang X., Tian Z., Wing R., and Han B., 2019, The genomics of Oryza species provides insights into rice domestication and heterosis, Annual Review of Plant Biology, 70(1): 639-665. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100320.
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