Rice Genomics and Genetics 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 48-57 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 49 2 The importance of Rice Yield and Quality As one of the three major food crops in the world, rice plays an irreplaceable and important role. It plays an important role in global food production. First of all, rice is one of the main sources of food for humans around the world, especially in Asia. Rice is indispensable on the table of almost every family. Asia is the main production and consumption region of rice, accounting for almost 70% of global rice production. Rice is also one of the main economic sources of many developing countries. Many residents in rural areas rely on rice cultivation as their main source of livelihood, which directly affects the economic status and social stability of these areas. In addition, the importance of rice is not only reflected in food security, but also in environmental protection and ecological balance. As a typical aquatic crop, rice plays a vital role in maintaining the balance of wetland ecosystems. The yield and quality of rice have a direct and profound impact on rice cultivation and market value. Yield is one of the key factors that determines the economic benefits of rice cultivation. High-yield rice means more harvest per unit area, which can meet the food needs of a larger population and improve farmers' income and living standards. It can be seen that planting high-yielding rice varieties is of great economic significance to farmers and can also promote economic development in rural areas (Bauchet et al., 2017a). The quality of rice directly affects consumers' taste and nutritional value, which in turn affects market competitiveness and price. High-quality rice has good taste, color and edible value, and can meet consumers' demands for food quality, so it is more popular in the market. High-quality rice may also receive higher sales prices, bringing greater economic returns to growers. Therefore, rice growers usually choose rice varieties that have both high yield and high quality to improve the economic benefits and market competitiveness of planting (Bauchet et al., 2017b). Rice yield and quality play a vital role in rice cultivation and market value. High yield can increase farmers' income and the level of economic development in rural areas, while high quality can meet consumer demand and improve the market competitiveness and price of rice. Rice growers and agricultural managers need to comprehensively consider yield and quality factors, select appropriate rice varieties, and adopt appropriate planting management measures to achieve a win-win situation of economic and social benefits. 3 Overview of GWAS 3.1 Basic principles and methods of GWAS Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are a method to explore the relationship between genes and traits by comparing large-scale genotype data and phenotypic data. The basic principle is to find out by correlating genotype data of large- scale single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers with phenotypic data of target traits (such as yield, quality, etc.) Genes or gene regions associated with the trait of interest. Genome-wide association analysis is an effective method for locating complex quantitative traits. This analysis does not require the construction of a family group. Using natural populations, multiple traits can be analyzed simultaneously to find SNP sites associated with traits, and then find candidates associated with traits. interval (Chopra et al., 2017). We obtain candidate functional genes through GWAS analysis, we can select individuals with different traits from the research materials, perform qRT-PCR analysis on the candidate genes, and verify them through differences in gene expression. This analysis method is simple and fast, and is a commonly used verification method in analysis. Cotton population evolution + genome-wide association analysis published in 2017 is a good example. The author identified a candidate gene AIL6 related to cotton lint fraction through GWAS analysis, and then selected TM-1 plants with low cotton lint fraction. Compared with ZMS12 plants with high cotton lint content, the expression level of this gene in different samples was analyzed by qRT-PCR. It was found that the expression level of this gene in TM-1 at 10 to 20 days of ovule development was about 10 times higher than that in ZMS12 (Figure 1) (Fang et al., 2017).
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