Rice Genomics and Genetics 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 36-47 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 46 High temperature stress causes significant negative effects on rice yield and quality, which is of importance in global food security issues. Photosynthesis is one of the key factors for rice growth and yield, and the antioxidant system is an important defense mechanism for rice to cope with high temperature stress. A thorough understanding of the changes and interactions of these two physiological mechanisms is critical for developing high temperature-resistant rice varieties and improving agricultural sustainability. In order to further improve the resistance of rice to high temperature stress, future research can focus on more detailed research on gene regulatory networks and signaling pathways, which will help reveal the deeper mechanisms of photosynthesis and antioxidant systems, especially those related to high temperature. Interactions between resistance-related genes and proteins are key. Emerging gene editing technology and molecular marker-assisted breeding can also be used to introduce high-temperature resistance-related genes more quickly and accurately. In addition, new high-temperature resistance genes can be discovered through extensive screening of genetic resources. Future research should also explore integrated management methods, including planting time adjustment, irrigation management, pest and disease control, and soil improvement, to maximize rice productivity under high temperature conditions. Therefore, research on the photosynthesis and antioxidant systems of rice under high temperature stress will not only help increase rice yield, but also contribute to global food security. Future research and practice should continue to work on uncovering mechanisms, developing new resistant varieties and improving agricultural management to cope with the high temperature challenges brought by climate change. These efforts will make important contributions to sustainable agriculture and food supply. Acknowledgments The authors extend sincere thanks to two anonymous peer reviewers for their invaluable feedback on the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Fiaz S., Ahmad S., and Noor M.A., 2019, Applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for rice grain quality improvement: perspectives and opportunities, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(4): 888. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040888 Gautam H., Fatma M., Sehar Z., Iqbal R.M., and Nafees A.K., 2022, Hydrogen sulfide, ethylene, and nitric oxide regulate redox homeostasis and protect photosynthetic metabolism under high temperature stress in rice plants, Antioxidants, 11(8): 1478. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11081478 Huang Z.M., Zhou Y.B., Tang X.D., Zhao X.H., Zhou Z.W., Fu X.X., Wang K., Shi J.W., Li Y.F., Fu C.J., and Yang Y.Z., 2018, Construction of tms5 mutants in rice based on CRISPR/Cas9 technology, Acta Agronomica Sinica, 44(6): 844-851. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.00844 Jin D.Y., Xie L.Y., Zhao H.L., Li Y., Han X., He Y.T., and Lin E.D., 2022, Impacts of barnyard grass on photosynthesis and physiology of rice under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration, Nongye Qixiangju (Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology), 43(3): 204-214. Kang H., Zhu T., and Zhang Y., 2021, Elevated CO2 enhances dynamic photosynthesis in rice and wheat, Frontiers in Plant Science, 12: 727374. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.727374 Lee B.H., Won S.H., Lee H.S., Mitsue M., Chung W.I., Kim I.J., and Jo J., 2000, Expression of the chloroplast-localized small heat shock protein by oxidative stress in rice, Gene, 245(2): 283-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00043-3 Miao N.Y., Tang S., and Chen W.Z., 2017, Research of nitrogen granular fertilizer alleviating high temperature stress at rice grain filling stage and its physiological mechanism, Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University (Social Science), 40(1): 1-10. Pickson R.B., He G., and Boateng E., 2021, Impacts of climate change on rice production: evidence from 30 Chinese provinces, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2: 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01594-8 Pang Y., Hu Y., and Bao J., 2021, Comparative phosphoproteomic analysis reveals the response of starch metabolism to high-temperature stress in rice endosperm, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(19): 10546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910546
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