Rice Genomics and Genetics 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 1-11 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 9 expression is directly related to the success rate of rice fertilization. Some genes related to pollen vitality, particle structure, and fertilization process may undergo changes under high temperature stress, leading to abnormal pollen development and reduced fertilization efficiency. 4.2 Regulation of protein synthesis and metabolism High temperature is one of the key environmental factors affecting the growth and development of rice, and its impact on protein synthesis and metabolism has received widespread attention in practical research. By analyzing examples, we aim to gain a deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of high temperature on rice protein synthesis and metabolism. A study conducted a detailed investigation into the proteomics of rice under high temperature stress during the booting stage. Under high temperature conditions, the expression levels of some key proteins in rice leaves have undergone significant changes. Among them, the expression of some heat shock proteins (HSPs) and antioxidant enzymes was significantly upregulated, reflecting the heat stress response mechanism initiated by plants to cope with high temperature. The increase of these proteins may help protect the stability of cell membranes and the normal function of organelles (Matsumura et al., 2020). Some proteins related to photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism have decreased expression levels under high temperature. For example, Rubisco (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphonate carboxylase/oxygenase) is a key enzyme involved in photosynthesis, and its expression level is negatively regulated by high temperature. This may lead to a decrease in photosynthetic efficiency and affect the synthesis of photosynthetic products. In terms of protein degradation, high temperature conditions may activate proteasomes and autophagy pathways, accelerating protein degradation. Some specific proteins may be labeled as degradation targets through the ubiquitination pathway to cope with protein denaturation and instability caused by high temperature. In addition, high temperature may also affect gene expression related to protein synthesis and metabolism by regulating transcription factors and signaling pathways. For example, high temperature may lead to the activation of some transcription factors related to heat stress, thereby regulating the expression levels of genes related to protein synthesis. Combining analysis, it is not difficult to see that the regulation of high temperature on rice protein synthesis and metabolism is a complex network, which involves multiple aspects such as heat stress response, photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, etc., and has a profound impact on the growth and development of rice. Deeply studying these regulatory mechanisms can provide scientific basis for cultivating rice varieties with high-temperature adaptability, ensuring the sustainability of agricultural production under constantly changing climate conditions. 4.3 Participation of hormone signaling pathways High temperature stress has a profound impact on the hormone signaling pathways of rice, involving plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA), etc. The following is an example analysis to gain a deeper understanding of the specific involvement and physiological response of high temperature in rice hormone signaling pathways. A study focused on the hormone regulation of rice panicles under high temperature. Under high temperature conditions, the ABA level in rice panicles significantly increases. ABA, as an important stress response hormone, may play a role in regulating physiological responses such as osmotic regulation and enhancing antioxidant capacity under high temperature stress. During this process, high temperature may induce the expression of ABA synthesis related genes, while inhibiting the expression of ABA degradation related genes, leading to the accumulation of ABA in plants (Zhong et al., 2020). At the same time, gibberellin (GA) may exhibit opposite trends under high temperature stress. Under high temperature conditions, the level of GA in rice may decrease. GA is usually associated with promoting growth and development in plant growth and development, and high temperature stress may inhibit the biosynthesis of GA, thereby affecting the normal growth of rice plants. In addition, ethylene (ET) is also a hormone that plays a crucial role in high-temperature response. High temperature may promote the production of more ethylene in rice, thereby participating in the adaptive response to high temperature stress. Ethylene is believed to be involved in regulating the physiological and biochemical responses of plants to stress, including increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and promotion of root growth.
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