Rice Genomics and Genetics 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 1-11 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/rgg 8 Figure 3 ABA modulation of high-temperature stress on ROS accumulation and tapetum PCD in rice anther (Adopted from Zhao et al., 2023) In addition, the study also identified some key genes related to ABA signal regulation. SAPK2 and RH4 genes are involved in the regulation of high-temperature pollen fertility in rice under high temperature conditions, and they are closely related to ABA signaling and ROS oxidative damage. The interaction between these genes further reveals key regulatory sites in the production of ROS in rice floral organs and the process of PCD in the tapetal layer (Zhao et al., 2023). This study provides new clues for exploring the relationship between ROS signals and ABA signals during the formation of high-temperature pollen abortion in rice. By revealing the molecular mechanism of abnormal pollen development in rice under high temperature stress, this study provides a useful theoretical basis for cultivating more high-temperature tolerant rice varieties and improving rice yield in the future. 4 The Molecular Mechanism of High Temperature on the Development of Rice Reproductive Organs 4.1 Changes in gene expression High temperature stress, as a key environmental factor in rice growth and development, has a significant impact on the development of rice reproductive organs. Research has shown that high temperatures cause changes in the expression of multiple genes in rice reproductive organs, involving key tissues and processes such as anthers, female panicles, microspores, and pollen. In terms of anthers (stamens), high temperature stress causes a series of gene expression changes, including genes related to key physiological processes such as pollen development, anther cracking, and pollen release. Some genes may be negatively regulated by high temperature, leading to abnormal anther cracking and hindered pollen development. On the other hand, high temperature may induce the expression of some stress response genes, which are involved in the response of anthers to high temperature stress. In terms of female panicles (stigma), high temperature stress has also triggered a series of gene expression changes, involving the growth and development of stigma and fertilization process. Some genes may be involved in the adaptive regulation of stigma to high temperature to maintain its normal physiological function. However, other genes may be suppressed by high temperature, affecting the fertilization efficiency of the stigma (Andr á si et al., 2021). The gene expression changes of microspores are also an important research direction under high temperature stress. High temperature may cause abnormal development of microspores, affecting the quality of mature pollen grains. The changes in gene expression may involve physiological processes such as microspore differentiation, cell wall synthesis, and antioxidant stress. In terms of pollen, the impact of high temperature on pollen gene
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