Maize Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 276-283 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/mgg 278 even begin to decline. Therefore, it is important to choose the right variety. Some hybrids can maintain the number and weight of grains when densely planted, while others cannot (Haegele et al., 2014). Reasonable arrangement of planting space, such as making the space around each corn plant more square and balanced, can also reduce the impact of crowding and help increase yields (Noland et al., 2025). 4 Sowing Time Adjustment under Climatic Variation 4.1 Effects of sowing date on emergence and phenology When corn is sown will directly affect the emergence time, growth process and yield. Generally speaking, early sowing can take advantage of sunlight and suitable temperature earlier, so that more grains and heavier grains are produced, which is conducive to stable and increased yields (Wu et al., 2023; 2024). Although late sowing will shorten the early growth period, it can extend the period of flowering and seeding. This can sometimes help corn avoid severe weather such as high temperature and dry heat. However, in high-latitude areas, late sowing may also cause crops to encounter early frost, increasing the risk of premature aging (Han et al., 2022). Studies have found that when the temperature rises, adjusting the sowing period can make corn grow faster, which can reduce some of the negative effects of climate (Abbas et al., 2017). 4.2 Adjusting sowing periods in response to climate change Adjusting the sowing time is an important way to cope with climate change. For example, delaying sowing can allow corn to avoid high temperatures during the flowering or filling stages, which can increase yield potential under future climates (Tian et al., 2018; Xiao et al., 2022). Some places recommend early sowing, which can better utilize sunlight and heat and extend the sowing window (Wu et al., 2023). However, different regions have different answers to the best time to sow. For example, in high-latitude areas, early sowing and long-growing varieties can avoid early frost; while in low-latitude areas, mid-sowing and mid-maturity varieties can reduce the impact of high temperatures (Han et al., 2022). If sowing time, variety selection, planting density and other factors are taken into consideration, adaptability and yield can be further improved (Lv et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2021). 4.3 Risk mitigation techniques for early and delayed sowing Whether it is early or late sowing, there are risks. In order to mitigate these effects, some countermeasures can be considered. For example, medium-time sowing (mid-time sowing) is usually more stable, avoiding both high temperatures in the early stage and cold or early frost in the later stage. Studies in North China have found that mid-time and late sowing have higher yields than early sowing (Tian et al., 2018). When selecting varieties, you should choose according to local weather, so that you can avoid extreme temperatures and arrange the key growth period in the right time period (Lv et al., 2019; Han et al., 2022). There are now models that can predict light and temperature to help farmers determine the most appropriate sowing time (Wu et al., 2023). If sowing time, planting density, fertilizer management and variety selection are combined, the effect will be better and can better cope with the yield reduction caused by climate change (Xu et al., 2021; Abbas et al., 2023). These methods can help corn to have more stable emergence, smooth development, and improve overall stress resistance. 5 Technological Integration in Sowing Equipment 5.1 Precision seeders and variable rate control Precision seeder technology is becoming more and more advanced. They combine a variety of sensors and control systems to place seeds and control distances more accurately. The machine controls the seeding and fertilization process by reading real-time data, so that the distance error between seeds is smaller and the qualified rate can reach more than 94% (Xie et al., 2024). Variable seeding technology is to flexibly adjust the seeding amount according to the soil and crop conditions of the plot. For example, less seeding is done in places with high fertility and more seeding is done in places with poor fertility. This can not only increase yield but also reduce waste (Munnaf et al., 2024). Now many devices can also be connected to soil moisture sensors to automatically adjust the sowing depth, which can make the seedlings uniform and strong, and improve drought resistance (Tar et al., 2024).
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