Maize Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 258-266 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/mgg 263 farmers to grow better maize, use resources more efficiently, and earn more money (Wang et al., 2023c). These methods can also protect the environment, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions and fertilizer waste. The study also shows that this approach is not only suitable for the North China Plain, but can also be promoted in other maize-growing areas with similar problems to narrow the yield gap and promote greener and more efficient agricultural development. 6 Challenges and Future Perspectives 6.1 Variability in genotype ×environment ×management interactions Maize yields are affected by many factors, especially the interaction between variety, climate, and planting methods. The relationship between these three factors is complex. In recent years, climate change has become more and more obvious, with extreme heat, irregular rainfall, drought, and heat waves becoming more common. These will affect maize yield and stability (Zhang et al., 2023). Methods such as planting density and fertilization are not equally effective everywhere. It depends on local climate conditions and whether the maize variety is suitable. Therefore, the key to increasing yields is to choose the right variety according to local conditions and combine it with appropriate management methods (Xiao et al., 2020). In the future, characteristics such as drought resistance, heat resistance, long growth period, and more efficient use of resources will become increasingly important. Because they can help maize grow well in various environments (Wu et al., 2025). 6.2 Limitations in current research and practice Many current studies only look at one factor, such as fertilization or seed density, and the time period is not long. This makes us not have a clear understanding of their long-term effects in different environments. At the same time, there is a lack of detailed research that combines weather forecasting, management methods and variety improvement. In reality, there are also many difficulties, such as farmers lacking money, not being able to buy good seeds, or not knowing how to use these new methods. These problems particularly affect small farmers and farmers in developing countries (Waqas et al., 2021). In addition, social problems such as gender inequality and poverty also make it difficult to promote many good technologies (Cairns et al., 2021). 6.3 Innovations for enhanced optimization To make progress in the future, we need to combine precision agriculture, climate-adaptive breeding, and data-supported decision-making methods. For example, adjusting planting time, selecting late-maturing varieties that are heat-resistant and drought-resistant, or combining mulching with mulch can help improve yields and water conservation efficiency under climate change (Huang et al., 2020). In terms of new technologies, gene editing tools such as CRISPR can help us breed maize varieties that are more resistant and more resource-efficient (Gong et al., 2015). At the same time, with the help of machine learning and model simulation, we can make more reasonable planting recommendations based on the conditions of different regions. These methods can support our goals of high yields and environmental protection, and also help global food security. 7 Conclusion If you want to increase maize yields, planting properly and applying fertilizers reasonably are the key. Planting more densely, choosing varieties that can adapt to high density, and adding scientific water and fertilizer management, there is hope for increased yields. The ideal density recommended globally is about 8.7 plants per square meter. This density, combined with the right amount of nitrogen fertilizer, can make maize more productive, while also making better use of water and fertilizer. If too much fertilizer is used, it will not only be of no benefit, but will waste money and may pollute the environment. During the planting process, if the leaf and branch structure of maize can be better managed, such as making light and nitrogen fertilizer more reasonably distributed among plants, it can also further improve resource utilization and narrow the yield gap. Overall, farmers can start from the following aspects: plant more densely, but within a reasonable range; choose varieties suitable for dense planting; apply fertilizer according to the actual needs of crops, taking into account soil and weather conditions. At the same time, it is also important to promote some precise management methods that are adapted to local conditions. For example, arranging irrigation and fertilization according to different growth periods can not only increase yields, but also improve quality, save resources, and put less pressure on the
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