Maize Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 258-266 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/mgg 261 Figure 2 Schematic representation of the processes involved in the canopy development, radiation capture and radiation use efficiency, N uptake and N use efficiency and yield. All data in the figure were averaged by two experiment years. LAI leaf area index, fPAR fraction of PAR intercepted, IPAR cumulative intercepted PAR, RUE radiation use efficiency, k light extinction coefficient, NHI N harvest index, NPFP N partial factor productivity (Adopted from Du et al., 2021) 4.2 Physiological and morphological adjustments Planting more densely and applying the right fertilizer will change the physiology and appearance of maize, thus helping to increase yield. For example, the leaf area becomes larger, the light can be more fully utilized, and more dry matter is accumulated, all of which will make the maize grow better (Shi et al., 2016). In terms of appearance, the stems and ears of maize will become thinner when the density is high, but the plants will grow taller and the ears will be higher. If the right fertilizer is added, the number of grains will also increase, and the biomass of the whole plant will also increase. These adjustments will also make the leaves of maize greener, enhance the photosynthesis capacity, and improve the ability to absorb nutrients (Meng et al., 2022; Han et al., 2024). 4.3 Long-term effects on soil health and productivity In the long run, if the density is higher and the fertilizer is less, it can not only ensure stable yields, but also help protect the soil. This approach can reduce nitrogen fertilizer waste, reduce nitrate loss, and increase net income (Wu et al., 2024). Studies have also found that this approach can also increase the activity of enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism in the soil and reduce nitrate residues in the soil, which is good for soil quality and reduces the possibility of pollution (Wei et al., 2023). This combination of "dense planting + less fertilizer" can not only increase yields but also take care of the environment. It is a sustainable development approach. 5 Case Study: Regional Trial in the North China Plain 5.1 Background and study design The North China Plain is an important maize-producing area in my country. This region has to ensure both increased grain production and reduced environmental pressure, which is a heavy task. To address these issues, researchers conducted a regional experiment. They combined farmer questionnaires, crop models, and field trials to assess the gap between maize yield and actual yield, identify the main factors limiting yield, and test the
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