Maize Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.4, 167-181 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/mgg 169 In regions with ample sunlight but lower temperatures, such as the highlands of Southwest China, solar radiation is particularly crucial during the early and mid-stages of maize growth. High photosynthetic efficiency in these stages is essential for biomass accumulation. However, if radiation levels are too high in later stages, premature maturation may occur, shortening the grain-filling period and reducing kernel weight. Adjusting planting dates and selecting varieties adapted to specific light conditions can optimize maize yield in these regions (Tang and Liu, 2020). 3 Soil Characteristics and Their Role in Maize Growth 3.1 Soil nutrient content essential for maize Nutrient-rich soil is vital for robust maize growth, as key nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are foundational for plant development. In East Africa, studies have shown that nutrient deficiencies in phosphorus and potassium directly limit maize growth and yield, particularly in nutrient-poor soils where targeted fertilization can dramatically enhance productivity (Fischer et al., 2020). Ensuring an adequate supply of these macronutrients is essential, as they play distinct roles: nitrogen promotes leaf growth, phosphorus supports root development, and potassium enhances drought resistance and disease resilience. Beyond macronutrients, micronutrients such as zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) are also essential. In Himalayan maize-growing regions, a survey indicated widespread deficiencies in zinc and copper, both crucial for enzymatic activity and protein synthesis in plants (Khaliq et al., 2021). Addressing micronutrient deficiencies through soil amendments or foliar sprays can improve maize health and yield, supporting better growth outcomes in areas where soil nutrient levels are suboptimal. Soil organic matter (SOM) enhances nutrient availability, particularly in sandy or low-fertility soils. Organic matter improves soil structure, increases water retention, and serves as a nutrient reservoir, releasing nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients as it decomposes. Long-term fertilization and organic amendments, like cow manure or compost, have been shown to increase nutrient availability and yield in maize by enhancing the soil’s organic content (Saifulloh and Suntari, 2022). 3.2 Influence of soil pH on maize nutrient uptake Soil pH significantly affects nutrient uptake by influencing nutrient solubility and microbial activity. Maize generally prefers slightly acidic to neutral pH levels, around 5.5 to 7.5. In alkaline soils, essential nutrients like phosphorus become less available, impacting maize growth and yield. Experiments using pH-lowering amendments, such as sulfur, have shown improved nutrient uptake and growth in alkaline soils by making phosphorus and other nutrients more bioavailable (Ansori and Gholami, 2015). Acidic soils, common in high-rainfall areas, often result in aluminum toxicity, which can damage root systems and inhibit nutrient absorption. Biochar and lime amendments have proven effective in reducing soil acidity, which increases pH levels and reduces aluminum concentration, thus enhancing root growth and nutrient availability (Pandit et al., 2018). This adjustment allows maize plants to access a broader range of nutrients and promotes healthier plant growth. Microbial inoculants, such as mycorrhizal fungi, also help maize plants in nutrient-poor or pH-imbalanced soils. Mycorrhizal associations expand root surface area, enhancing nutrient absorption even in soils with suboptimal pH levels. Studies have shown that mycorrhizae significantly increase maize uptake of phosphorus, potassium, and other key nutrients, which can mitigate the adverse effects of both low and high pH soils (Silva et al., 2016). 3.3 Soil texture and its impact on maize water retention Soil texture, which refers to the proportion of sand, silt, and clay particles, directly influences water retention and root penetration, affecting maize’s water and nutrient availability. Sandy soils drain quickly and are prone to nutrient leaching, necessitating more frequent irrigation and fertilization. In contrast, clay soils retain water well but may restrict root growth due to compaction. Studies in hilly zones of Karnataka revealed that sandy clay loam textures support maize by balancing drainage and water retention, making nutrients more accessible during critical growth stages (Niranjana et al., 2018).
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