Maize Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.4, 167-181 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/mgg 177 pest control products positively influences their maize output, but the lack of infrastructure and logistical support limits widespread input adoption. Policy recommendations include strengthening subsidies, improving transport and market access, and creating reliable distribution networks for essential inputs (Oyewole et al., 2022). 8.3 Farmer education and support services for maize cultivation The education level of farmers plays a critical role in enhancing maize productivity and facilitating the adoption of new technologies. Studies show that better-educated farmers are more likely to accept and implement innovative agricultural techniques, such as improved maize seeds and conservation tillage. In Ghana, for instance, educated farmers demonstrate a higher acceptance of modern farming methods, enabling them to understand and apply advanced practices that result in higher yields and more sustainable cultivation methods (Onuwa et al., 2023). Agricultural extension services also play an essential role in providing technical support to farmers, especially in promoting the latest maize farming techniques. Research in Nigeria has found that limited access to extension services hinders farmers' ability to adopt new technologies and improve productivity. By expanding the reach of extension services and increasing the frequency of visits, farmers can gain valuable technical guidance. Such field training and on-site support can effectively encourage farmers to adopt best practices, thereby improving productivity and resource-use efficiency (Thompson, 2018). Farmer support services, such as cooperative memberships, offer farmers access to shared resources and collective marketing opportunities. In Zambia, cooperative models have been shown to effectively enhance farmers' productivity by providing access to inputs at lower costs and facilitating bulk purchases that reduce intermediary costs and improve market access. Additionally, training activities like farmer field schools and demonstration plots help farmers adopt soil and water conservation practices, supporting sustainable farming approaches. These educational services offer a sustainable pathway for smallholders to increase yields while achieving both environmental and economic sustainability (Mumba and Edriss, 2018). 9 Concluding Remarks Environmental factors, including climate conditions, soil quality, and biotic interactions, profoundly impact maize growth, affecting yield, crop health, and resilience to stresses. Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns, coupled with soil nutrient challenges, have become increasingly important with the progression of climate change. These environmental pressures necessitate a comprehensive understanding of maize physiology and stress responses to develop cultivation practices that support productivity and resilience. Without addressing these factors, regions already facing environmental challenges may experience significant reductions in maize yield, further impacting food security. To promote sustainable maize cultivation, it is crucial to adapt agricultural practices to these environmental realities. Strategies such as optimizing water and nutrient management, adopting precision irrigation techniques, and using stress-resistant maize varieties can mitigate adverse effects. The case of Wushanxia Village illustrates how integrating premium fresh maize varieties with modern agricultural practices not only enhances yield stability and crop quality but also significantly increases farmers’ profitability, providing a replicable model for other rural communities. Reducing excessive fertilizer use, adjusting planting dates, and selecting early-maturing varieties help farmers better manage climatic variability, safeguarding yields against extreme weather. Collectively, these practices protect both agricultural productivity and environmental health. Future research is essential to understand the intricate interactions between environmental factors, crop genetics, and management practices. Region-specific case studies, such as that of Wushanxia Village, highlight the value of combining scientific insights with locally adapted strategies. This approach can foster sustainable maize production systems capable of meeting global food demands while simultaneously supporting rural economic revitalization. Acknowledgments I am deeply grateful to Professor R. Cai for his multiple reviews of this paper and for his constructive revision suggestions.
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