Maize Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 1-9 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/mgg 4 canopy sensors and remote sensing to optimize nitrogen management, which is crucial for improving yield potential and nitrogen use efficiency (Cordero et al., 2019). For instance, the use of GreenSeeker sensors has been shown to significantly improve nitrogen management strategies, leading to increased profitability and sustainability in maize production (Dahal et al., 2020). Additionally, precision farming parallel management technology has been developed to provide digital and scientific decision support, achieving high production efficiency with reduced fertilizer inputs. 4.2 Precision irrigation and fertilization techniques for farmlands Precision irrigation and fertilization are critical components of high-efficiency cultivation techniques. In the context of maize, precision nitrogen and water management have been shown to enhance productivity and energy efficiency. For example, the integration of conservation agriculture with precision nitrogen management and optimal irrigation has resulted in higher maize yields and economic returns. Similarly, variable rate nitrogen and water management strategies, which utilize site-specific management zones and proximal remote sensing, have demonstrated the potential to optimize input use efficiency without compromising yields (Sairam et al., 2023). These techniques allow for fine-tuning of irrigation and fertilization to achieve optimal yield and resource use efficiency. 4.3 Cultivation environment monitoring based on big data The use of big data in monitoring the cultivation environment is a transformative approach in precision agriculture. By leveraging data from various sources, such as soil and crop sensors, farmers can make informed decisions to optimize crop management practices. For instance, precision nutrient management tools, such as the Nutrient Expert tool and GreenSeeker, have been used to improve nutrient use efficiency and crop yields in maize cultivation (Wang et al., 2019). These tools enable the collection and analysis of large datasets to provide insights into the optimal nutrient application rates and methods, thereby enhancing the overall sustainability and profitability of maize production. 5 Comparative Analysis of Different Cultivation Models 5.1 Single-season planting vs. multi-season rotation models Single-season planting focuses on cultivating maize in a single growing period, which can simplify management and reduce the risk of pest and disease accumulation. However, multi-season rotation models, which involve alternating maize with other crops, can enhance soil fertility and reduce pest pressures over time (Huang et al., 2022). The study on maize hybrids in equatorial regions highlights the importance of adaptability and phenotypic stability across diverse environments, which can be better managed through rotation models that accommodate different crop needs and environmental conditions (Kimball et al., 2019). 5.2 Comparison of yield and economic efficiency between intensive and small-scale farming Intensive farming methods, such as those involving high input of fertilizers and optimized planting densities, generally result in higher yields. For instance, a study using data envelopment analysis showed that certain intensive cultivation measures were more effective in maximizing maize yield (Azrai et al., 2023). Conversely, small-scale farming, often characterized by lower input levels, may not achieve the same yield levels but can be more sustainable and cost-effective in the long term. The comparison of conventional and low input farming methods revealed that while conventional methods often yield better results, the choice of maize variety plays a more significant role in determining the nutritional value and yield (Roberts et al., 2017). 5.3 Technical highlights and advantages of greenhouse vs. open-field cultivation Greenhouse cultivation offers controlled environmental conditions, which can lead to improved maize quality and yield stability. This method allows for the precise management of factors such as temperature, humidity, and light, which are crucial for optimizing maize growth. In contrast, open-field cultivation is subject to environmental variability but can be more cost-effective and suitable for large-scale production. The study on modern cultivation technologies emphasizes the importance of optimizing agronomic processes, which can be more effectively managed in a greenhouse setting to improve yield and grain quality (Drobitko et al., 2024).In Zhejiang, using greenhouses and plug pots, the seedling cultivation of fresh corn is advanced to early February. In late February, it
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