Maize Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/mgg © 2025 CropSci Publisher, registered at the publishing platform that is operated by Sophia Publishing Group, founded in British Columbia of Canada. All Rights Reserved.
Maize Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/mgg © 2025 CropSci Publisher, registered at the publishing platform that is operated by Sophia Publishing Group, founded in British Columbia of Canada. All Rights Reserved. CropSci Publisher is an international Open Access publishing specializing in maize genome, trait-controlling, maize gene expression and regulation at the publishing platform that is operated by Sophia Publishing Group (SPG), founded in British Columbia of Canada Publisher Cropsci Publisher Editedby Editorial Team of Maize Genomics and Genetics Email: edit@mgg.cropscipublisher.com Website: http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/mgg Address: 11388 Stevenston Hwy, PO Box 96016, Richmond, V7A 5J5, British Columbia Canada Maize Genomics and Genetics (ISSN 1925-1971) is an open access, peer reviewed journal published online by CropSci Publisher. The journal is committed to publishing basic theories, novel techniques, and new advances within all aspects of maize research, especially focusing on genetics and genomics. Papers regarding classical genetics analysis, structural and functional analysis of maize genome, trait-controlling, maize gene expression and regulation, transgenic maize, as well as maize varietal improvement, are especially welcomed. All the articles published in Maize Genomics and Genetics are Open Access, and are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. CropSci Publisher uses CrossCheck service to identify academic plagiarism through the world’s leading plagiarism prevention tool, iParadigms, and to protect the original authors’ copyrights.
Maize Genomics and Genetics (online), 2025, Vol. 16, No.1 ISSN 1925-1971 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/mgg © 2025 CropSci Publisher, registered at the publishing platform that is operated by Sophia Publishing Group, founded in British Columbia of Canada. All Rights Reserved. Latest Content Review of High-Efficiency Cultivation Techniques for Fresh-Eating Maize TaoZhong Maize Genomics and Genetics, 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 1-9 Case Study on Identification of Superior Fresh-Eating Maize Lines with Enhanced Quality and Stress Resistance HaiboWang Maize Genomics and Genetics, 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 10-19 Insights into Optimization of Planting Density and Fertilization in Maize Binrong Pan, Yechang Huang, Xiteng Gao, Qianya Xu, Shuangshuang Xin, Yong’an Liu, Gaohong Yue, Renxiang Cai Maize Genomics and Genetics, 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 20-33 Review of Exploration and Evaluation of New Germplasm Resources in Fresh-Eating Maize Zhangquan Xu, Xiaoting Cao, Shengyue Ye, Jie Wang Maize Genomics and Genetics, 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 34-44 Insights into the Phenotypic and Genotypic Diversity of Fresh-Eating Maize Germplasm Shanjun Zhu, Wei Wang Maize Genomics and Genetics, 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 45-59
Maize Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 1-9 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/mgg 1 Review Article Open Access Review of High-Efficiency Cultivation Techniques for Fresh-Eating Maize TaoZhong Jinhua Wucheng District Xiangtuo Family Farm, Jinhua, 321081, Zhejiang, China Corresponding author: 360733921@qq.com Maize Genomics and Genetics, 2025, Vol.16, No.1 doi: 10.5376/mgg.2025.16.0001 Received: 25 Nov., 2024 Accepted: 05 Jan., 2025 Published: 15 Jan., 2025 Copyright © 2025 Zhong, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Zhong T., 2025, Review of high-efficiency cultivation techniques for fresh-eating maize, Maize Genomics and Genetics, 16(1): 1-9 (doi: 10.5376/mgg.2025.16.0001) Abstract Fresh-eating corn, as a crop of significant economic value, has seen its cultivated area expand globally in recent years. High-efficiency cultivation techniques are crucial for enhancing the yield and quality of fresh-eating corn while ensuring the efficient use of resources. This review systematically summarizes the growth characteristics of fresh-eating corn and the technical requirements for its high-efficiency cultivation. It focuses on key cultivation practices, including variety selection, sowing density, water and fertilizer management, and pest and disease control. Additionally, it explores the application of precision agriculture technologies in fresh-eating corn cultivation, such as precision irrigation and fertilization, and environmental monitoring based on big data. This manuscript also compares different cultivation models, such as single-season versus multi-season planting and greenhouse versus open-field cultivation, analyzing their regional adaptability and promotion strategies. The review highlights the contributions of high-efficiency cultivation techniques to soil health and eco-friendly agriculture. The study suggests that integrating multi-omics data with intelligent management technologies can further optimize cultivation practices and improve production efficiency in the future. This review provides theoretical support and practical guidance for advancing the high-efficiency production and sustainable development of fresh-eating corn. Keywords Fresh-eating corn; High-efficiency cultivation; precision agriculture; sustainable development; Regional application 1 Introduction Fresh-eating corn is a significant crop due to its high nutritional value and consumer demand. It is cultivated extensively in various regions, with techniques varying based on local environmental conditions and available resources. China currently has a fresh corn planting area of over 1.5 million hectares, making it the world's largest producer and consumer of fresh corn. The Yangtze River Delta region is densely populated and economically developed, making it one of the main planting areas for fresh corn in China and the largest fresh corn consumer market. Zhejiang Province started early in the cultivation and has developed rapidly of fresh corn. Its industrial development is at the forefront of the country, especially in terms of quality, leading the development direction of fresh corn in China.The economic value of fresh-eating corn is substantial, as it is a staple in many diets and a key ingredient in numerous food products. The cultivation of fresh-eating corn not only supports local economies but also contributes to food security by providing a reliable source of nutrition (Li et al., 2018). High-efficiency cultivation techniques are crucial for maximizing the yield and efficiency of fresh-eating corn production. These techniques include optimized nutrient management, water use efficiency improvements, and innovative planting methods such as ridge-furrow systems and plastic mulching. Such practices have been shown to significantly enhance grain yield, water use efficiency, and nutrient uptake, thereby increasing overall productivity and sustainability of maize cultivation (Li et al., 2019). For instance, integrating density and fertilizer management can optimize biomass accumulation and nutrient distribution, leading to higher yields (Bai and Gao, 2020). Additionally, techniques like drip irrigation and plastic mulching have been effective in arid regions, improving water use efficiency and economic returns (Zhang et al., 2017). This study reviews and synthesizes recent advances in efficient cultivation techniques of fresh corn, focusing on how to improve yield and resource utilization efficiency through efficient management. Through the systematic sorting and analysis of various innovative cultivation techniques, it provides effective technical strategies and
Maize Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 1-9 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/mgg 2 practical guidance for improving the efficiency of corn production. This study can guide farmers and agricultural stakeholders to adopt efficient cultivation techniques that can both increase productivity and ensure the sustainable use of resources. This is particularly important in the context of global challenges such as climate change and resource shortages, as efficient agricultural practices play an indispensable role in maintaining food security and economic stability. 2 Growth Characteristics and Technical Demands for High-Efficiency Cultivation of Fresh-Eating Corn 2.1 Growth cycle and physiological characteristics of fresh-eating corn Fresh-eating corn, such as waxy corn, exhibits specific physiological characteristics that are influenced by cultivation techniques. For instance, the physiological traits like root system vigor, leaf area duration (LAD), and chlorophyll content can be enhanced through methods such as seedling transplanting and ground film covering, which ultimately lead to higher yields (Wang and Hu, 2021). The growth cycle of fresh-eating corn is also affected by the timing of sowing, with early spring planting recommended in certain regions to optimize growth conditions. Additionally, the selection of corn varieties with desirable traits such as early maturity and high yield potential is crucial for successful cultivation (Pereira et al., 2020). 2.2 Technical demands and challenges for high-yield, high-efficiency cultivation of fresh-eating corn Achieving high yield and efficiency in fresh-eating corn cultivation requires addressing several technical demands and challenges. Key techniques include the selection of high-quality varieties, isolation cultivation, and appropriate sowing times to maximize growth potential. The use of controlled-release urea (CRU) has been shown to enhance nitrogen use efficiency and increase fresh ear yield, particularly when applied at specific soil depths. However, challenges such as pest and disease management, as well as the need for precise field management practices, remain critical to achieving optimal yields (Resende et al., 2019). 2.3 Key factors in the planting and management of fresh corn Effective planting and management of fresh corn involve several key factors. Rational planting density and timely harvesting are essential to maximize yield and quality (Liu et al., 2019). The application of fertilizers, particularly nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, must be carefully managed to ensure nutrient availability without causing environmental harm. Additionally, irrigation techniques, such as subsurface drip irrigation, can significantly impact growth and yield, with deeper irrigation depths often resulting in better outcomes. The integration of plant growth-promoting bacteria can also enhance nutrient uptake and improve overall plant health and productivity (Shahini et al., 2023). 3 Key High-Efficiency Cultivation Techniques 3.1 Variety selection and optimization Variety selection is crucial for optimizing maize yield and efficiency. Selecting high-yielding and disease-resistant varieties can significantly enhance productivity. For instance, the study on summer maize in Hebei Province emphasizes the importance of choosing suitable varieties to achieve high yield and efficiency (Ghosh et al., 2020). Additionally, integrating density and fertilizer management can optimize biomass and nutrient distribution, which is essential for selecting the right variety that can thrive under specific cultivation patterns.Fresh corn varieties such as 'Xue Tian 7401' (Zhe Shen Yu 2018003), 'Zhe Tian 19' (Zhe Shen Yu 2020002), and 'Zhe Nuo Yu 18' (Zhe Shen Yu 2021005) have been widely promoted and applied in Zhejiang Province in recent years due to their good quality and suitable growth period (Figure 1). 3.2 Sowing density and rational crop rotation systems Optimizing sowing density is a key factor in improving maize yield. High-density planting, as demonstrated in maize-soybean relay intercropping, can significantly increase yield by enhancing light interception and photosynthetic productivity (Figure 2). Moreover, rational crop rotation systems, such as the wheat-maize double-cropping system, can improve resource use efficiency and maintain high productivity (Kanampiu et al., 2018). These systems help in better utilization of available resources and reduce the pressure on soil nutrients.
Maize Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 1-9 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/mgg 3 Figure 1 Main varieties of fresh corn in Zhejiang Province Image caption: a: Xue Tian 7401; b: Zhe Tian 19; c: Zhe Nuo Yu 18 Figure 2 Light distribution of the maize canopy (Adopted from Chen et al., 2022) Image caption: (A, B): light distribution of R1 CC and DC maize canopy; DC: intensive cultivation; CC: ordinary cultivation; figure value is photosynthetic effective radiation (PAR, μmol m-2 s-1) (Adopted from Chen et al., 2022) 3.3 Water and fertilizer management techniques Effective water and fertilizer management are critical for high-efficiency maize cultivation. Techniques like drip irrigation combined with plastic mulching have been shown to optimize water use efficiency (WUE) and economic returns in arid regions (Nandjui et al., 2019). Similarly, integrated agronomic management practices can enhance nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield by optimizing fertilization patterns and sowing methods. Ridge-furrow precipitation harvesting techniques also improve WUE and grain yield by enhancing soil water storage and nutrient uptake (Chen et al., 2022). 3.4 Integrated pest and disease control measures Integrated pest and disease control measures are essential for maintaining high maize yields. The use of optimized cropping systems and timely application of herbicides and pesticides can effectively control pests and diseases, as highlighted in the cultivation techniques for summer maize. Additionally, changing sowing methods and optimizing planting patterns can help avoid diseases like maize rough dwarf virus, thereby supporting high yield and efficiency (Babendreier et al., 2019). 4 Precision Management Techniques in High-Efficiency Cultivation 4.1 Applications of smart agriculture in fresh-eating corn cultivation Smart agriculture technologies, such as precision farming, have been increasingly applied to enhance the efficiency of fresh-eating corn cultivation. These technologies involve the use of advanced tools like active
Maize Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 1-9 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/mgg 4 canopy sensors and remote sensing to optimize nitrogen management, which is crucial for improving yield potential and nitrogen use efficiency (Cordero et al., 2019). For instance, the use of GreenSeeker sensors has been shown to significantly improve nitrogen management strategies, leading to increased profitability and sustainability in maize production (Dahal et al., 2020). Additionally, precision farming parallel management technology has been developed to provide digital and scientific decision support, achieving high production efficiency with reduced fertilizer inputs. 4.2 Precision irrigation and fertilization techniques for farmlands Precision irrigation and fertilization are critical components of high-efficiency cultivation techniques. In the context of maize, precision nitrogen and water management have been shown to enhance productivity and energy efficiency. For example, the integration of conservation agriculture with precision nitrogen management and optimal irrigation has resulted in higher maize yields and economic returns. Similarly, variable rate nitrogen and water management strategies, which utilize site-specific management zones and proximal remote sensing, have demonstrated the potential to optimize input use efficiency without compromising yields (Sairam et al., 2023). These techniques allow for fine-tuning of irrigation and fertilization to achieve optimal yield and resource use efficiency. 4.3 Cultivation environment monitoring based on big data The use of big data in monitoring the cultivation environment is a transformative approach in precision agriculture. By leveraging data from various sources, such as soil and crop sensors, farmers can make informed decisions to optimize crop management practices. For instance, precision nutrient management tools, such as the Nutrient Expert tool and GreenSeeker, have been used to improve nutrient use efficiency and crop yields in maize cultivation (Wang et al., 2019). These tools enable the collection and analysis of large datasets to provide insights into the optimal nutrient application rates and methods, thereby enhancing the overall sustainability and profitability of maize production. 5 Comparative Analysis of Different Cultivation Models 5.1 Single-season planting vs. multi-season rotation models Single-season planting focuses on cultivating maize in a single growing period, which can simplify management and reduce the risk of pest and disease accumulation. However, multi-season rotation models, which involve alternating maize with other crops, can enhance soil fertility and reduce pest pressures over time (Huang et al., 2022). The study on maize hybrids in equatorial regions highlights the importance of adaptability and phenotypic stability across diverse environments, which can be better managed through rotation models that accommodate different crop needs and environmental conditions (Kimball et al., 2019). 5.2 Comparison of yield and economic efficiency between intensive and small-scale farming Intensive farming methods, such as those involving high input of fertilizers and optimized planting densities, generally result in higher yields. For instance, a study using data envelopment analysis showed that certain intensive cultivation measures were more effective in maximizing maize yield (Azrai et al., 2023). Conversely, small-scale farming, often characterized by lower input levels, may not achieve the same yield levels but can be more sustainable and cost-effective in the long term. The comparison of conventional and low input farming methods revealed that while conventional methods often yield better results, the choice of maize variety plays a more significant role in determining the nutritional value and yield (Roberts et al., 2017). 5.3 Technical highlights and advantages of greenhouse vs. open-field cultivation Greenhouse cultivation offers controlled environmental conditions, which can lead to improved maize quality and yield stability. This method allows for the precise management of factors such as temperature, humidity, and light, which are crucial for optimizing maize growth. In contrast, open-field cultivation is subject to environmental variability but can be more cost-effective and suitable for large-scale production. The study on modern cultivation technologies emphasizes the importance of optimizing agronomic processes, which can be more effectively managed in a greenhouse setting to improve yield and grain quality (Drobitko et al., 2024).In Zhejiang, using greenhouses and plug pots, the seedling cultivation of fresh corn is advanced to early February. In late February, it
Maize Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 1-9 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/mgg 5 is transplanted into plastic steel frame greenhouses, and fresh ears are harvested in mid May, which is one month earlier than open field cultivation. The selling price of fresh ears is over 15 yuan per kilogram, and the output value reaches 150 000 yuan/hm2 (Zhao et al., 2020). 6 Regional Applications of High-Efficiency Cultivation Techniques 6.1 Characteristics of fresh-eating corn cultivation in different ecological zones Fresh-eating corn cultivation varies significantly across different ecological zones due to variations in climate, soil type, and water availability. In semi-arid regions, techniques such as ridge-furrow precipitation harvesting with plastic mulching have been shown to improve water use efficiency and maize yield by enhancing soil water storage and balancing hormonal changes in maize seeds (Wang et al., 2020). In dry semi-humid areas, the ridge-furrow with plastic film mulching practice has been effective in increasing maize productivity and resource use efficiency, particularly in wheat-maize double-cropping systems. In the Huang-Huai-Hai region, optimizing planting density and nitrogen application rates has been crucial for enhancing maize yield and resource utilization efficiency (Xin and Tao, 2019). 6.2 Adaptability and promotion strategies for regionalized technologies Adaptability of cultivation techniques is essential for their successful implementation across different regions. In semi-arid and dry semi-humid areas, the ridge-furrow system has been adapted to improve water use efficiency and yield by modifying planting density and fertilization methods (Wu et al., 2024). Promotion strategies include educating farmers on the benefits of these techniques and providing support for the adoption of innovative practices such as surface drip fertilization and optimized nitrogen application. Additionally, integrating genotype-environment-management interactions can enhance productivity and eco-efficiency in maize cultivation. 6.3 Case studies of regional high-efficiency cultivation techniques Several case studies highlight the success of high-efficiency cultivation techniques in different regions. In the semi-arid regions of China, the ridge-furrow precipitation harvesting technique with plastic mulching significantly improved maize yield and water use efficiency (Li et al., 2017). In the Huang-Huai-Hai region, surface drip fertilization combined with increased planting density and reduced nitrogen application rates led to higher yields and resource efficiency. In the North China Plain, optimizing genotype-environment-management interactions has been shown to enhance productivity and reduce environmental risks in wheat-maize rotations. These case studies demonstrate the potential of tailored cultivation techniques to improve maize production across diverse ecological zones. 7 High-Efficiency Cultivation and Sustainable Agriculture 7.1 Impact of high-efficiency cultivation on soil health High-efficiency cultivation techniques, such as conservation tillage and diversified cropping systems, have been shown to positively impact soil health by enhancing soil nutrient balance and reducing greenhouse gas emissions (Liu, 2024). For instance, zero tillage (ZT) systems have demonstrated higher levels of available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil compared to conventional tillage systems, thereby improving soil fertility and structure. Additionally, practices like integrated soil-crop system management (ISSM) that combine organic and inorganic fertilizers have been effective in maintaining soil health while achieving high maize yields and nitrogen use efficiency (Agbodjato and Babalola, 2024). 7.2 Practices of eco-friendly cultivation techniques Eco-friendly cultivation techniques include the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), integrated nutrient management (INM), and conservation agriculture practices. PGPR can enhance root development and nutrient absorption, reducing the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides, thus promoting sustainable agriculture (Zhang et al., 2024). INM strategies, which blend organic and inorganic fertilizers, optimize nutrient availability and reduce environmental impacts such as nutrient runoff and soil degradation. Conservation agriculture practices, including crop residue retention and no-till farming, contribute to improved soil carbon sequestration and eco-efficiency (Babu et al., 2020).
Maize Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 1-9 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/mgg 6 7.3 Resource conservation and environmental protection in fresh-eating corn production Resource conservation and environmental protection in fresh-eating corn production can be achieved through practices that enhance energy efficiency and reduce carbon footprints. For example, the maize-French bean cropping system has been identified as energy-efficient and environmentally safer, with a lower carbon footprint compared to traditional maize-fallow systems (Babu et al., 2023). Additionally, straw incorporation in maize cultivation has been shown to improve water use efficiency and yield, while also contributing to soil conservation and reduced environmental burden (Figure 3). These practices not only conserve resources but also align with sustainable agricultural goals by minimizing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing biodiversity (Li, 2024). Figure 3 The relative importance of variables in maize yield and water use efficiency response to straw incorporation (Adopted from Zhang et al., 2024) Image caption: a: shows the relative importance ranking of factors influencing changes in maize yield under straw incorporation. b: shows the relative importance ranking of factors influencing changes in maize water use efficiency (WUE) under straw incorporation. The different colors in the figures represent various production conditions: blue for climatic factors, yellow for soil conditions, and green for field management practices (Adopted from Zhang et al., 2024) 8 Concluding Remarks High-efficiency cultivation techniques for fresh-eating corn focus on optimizing various agronomic practices to enhance yield and resource use efficiency. Key techniques include the selection of appropriate maize varieties, balanced fertilization, and innovative planting methods such as ridge-furrow systems with plastic mulching, which have been shown to improve water use efficiency and yield in semi-arid regions. Additionally, integrating density and fertilizer management has been effective in optimizing biomass accumulation and nutrient remobilization, thereby increasing grain yield and nutrient use efficiency. Drip irrigation combined with plastic mulching has also been identified as a successful strategy to conserve water and improve economic returns in arid areas. The adoption of high-efficiency cultivation techniques has significantly contributed to the development of the fresh-eating corn industry by increasing productivity and sustainability. Techniques such as high-density planting and optimized nutrient management have led to higher yields and improved resource use efficiency, which are crucial for meeting the growing demand for fresh-eating corn. These practices not only enhance the economic viability of corn production but also support the sustainable development of the industry by reducing the environmental impact of agricultural practices. The future development of the fresh-eating corn industry hinges on the integration and innovation of cultivation technologies. Continued research and development in areas such as precision agriculture, advanced irrigation
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Maize Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 10-19 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/mgg 10 Case Study Open Access Case Study on Identification of Superior Fresh-Eating Maize Lines with Enhanced Quality and Stress Resistance HaiboWang Beijing Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Chaoyang, 100029, Beijing, China Corresponding author: wanghaibocorn@163.com Maize Genomics and Genetics, 2025, Vol.16, No.1 doi: 10.5376/mgg.2025.16.0002 Received: 02 Dec., 2024 Accepted: 10 Jan., 2025 Published: 20 Jan., 2025 Copyright © 2025 Wang, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Wang H.B., 2025, Case study on identification of superior fresh-eating maize lines with enhanced quality and stress resistance, Maize Genomics and Genetics, 16(1): 10-19 (doi: 10.5376/mgg.2025.16.0002) Abstract This study identified several superior fresh-eating maize lines with enhanced quality and stress resistance. Lines such as L6 and L7 demonstrated high yield potential under optimal and low nitrogen conditions, while L8 and L9 excelled under combined heat and drought stress conditions. Additionally, hybrids such as L10/T7 and L9/T7 (Zn×normal), and L8/T6 and L11/T3 (Zn×quality protein maize) also exhibited high yield and desirable secondary traits. The study highlighted the importance of both additive and dominance gene effects in controlling these traits and proposed a robust strategy for developing nutritionally enhanced maize genotypes. The identification of these superior maize lines has significant implications for improving the commercial production of fresh-eating maize, particularly in enhancing drought, heat, and disease resistance under the context of climate change. Future research should focus on further testing additional maize lines and evaluating them across diverse environments to ensure their adaptability and stability. Keywords Fresh-eating maize; Stress resistance; Hybrid breeding; Nutritional enhancement; Climate adaptability 1 Introduction Fresh-eating maize, also known as sweet corn, has a rich history and has become a staple in many diets around the world due to its unique flavor and nutritional benefits. Originating in the United States, sweet corn has been introduced globally and is now widely consumed either fresh or processed (Revilla et al., 2021). The demand for fresh-eating maize is increasing, particularly in regions like Heilongjiang province in China, where the annual output has reached 3.35 billion ears (Yang et al., 2021). This growing popularity is driven by consumer preferences for its sweetness, tender texture, and health benefits (Yang et al., 2021; Haidash et al., 2023). The market demand for high-quality fresh-eating maize continues to rise, necessitating improvements in both yield and quality to meet consumer expectations (Taş and Mutlu, 2021; Yang et al., 2021). The quality traits of fresh-eating maize, such as sweetness, texture, and tenderness, are critical for consumer satisfaction. These traits are influenced by the genetic makeup of the maize, including specific endosperm mutations that increase sugar content and reduce starch levels (Azanza et al., 2004; Hu et al., 2023). For instance, the shrunken2-reference allele (sh2) is known to accumulate more sugar, enhancing the sweetness of the maize (Hu et al., 2023). Additionally, stress resistance, including tolerance to drought, pests, and salinity, is essential for maintaining yield and quality under adverse environmental conditions (Taş and Mutlu, 2021; Ouhaddou et al., 2023). Environmental stresses can significantly impact the yield and quality of sweet corn, as seen in studies where higher temperatures and lower humidity reduced fresh cob yield and other quality parameters (Taş and Mutlu, 2021). Therefore, developing maize lines that combine superior quality traits with robust stress resistance is crucial for sustainable production (Ouhaddou et al., 2023; Ye et al., 2023). This study identifies and develops superior fresh-eating maize lines with enhanced quality and stress resistance. It involves screening various maize varieties to determine those with the highest starch and sugar content, as well as those that perform well under different environmental stresses. The study aims to recommend specific maize varieties and cultivation practices, such as optimal potassium fertilization, to improve grain quality and yield in semi-arid and other challenging regions. By focusing on both genetic and agronomic factors, the study provides comprehensive solutions for producing high-quality, stress-resistant fresh-eating maize.
Maize Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 10-19 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/mgg 11 2 Current Understanding in Maize Breeding 2.1 Breeding techniques for quality improvement Traditional breeding techniques have long been employed to enhance maize quality by selecting and crossbreeding plants with desirable traits. These methods rely on phenotypic selection and the evaluation of progeny performance under various environmental conditions. For instance, the evaluation of maize inbred lines for drought and heat stress tolerance has identified several lines with superior traits, which are essential for breeding programs aimed at improving yield stability under stress conditions (Chen et al., 2012). Additionally, the use of combining ability and testcross performance has been instrumental in developing multi-nutrient maize hybrids with high yield potential under both stress and non-stress environments (Matongera et al., 2023a). In recent years, genetic editing techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9 have revolutionized maize breeding by enabling precise modifications at the DNA level. These techniques allow for the targeted introduction of beneficial traits, such as enhanced nutritional content or stress resistance, without the need for extensive crossbreeding. For example, molecular characterization of diverse maize inbred lines using SNP markers has facilitated the identification of genetic regions associated with stress tolerance, which can be targeted for genetic editing to develop superior maize lines (Wen et al., 2011). This integration of traditional and modern techniques is crucial for accelerating the development of high-quality maize varieties. 2.2 Traits related to stress resistance Key genetic traits related to stress resistance in maize include drought tolerance, heat tolerance, and resistance to various pests and diseases. Drought tolerance is a critical trait, as it enables maize plants to maintain productivity under water-limited conditions. Studies have shown that maize lines with high leaf relative water content and the ability to maintain vegetative growth under drought stress exhibit superior drought tolerance (Chen et al., 2012). Similarly, heat tolerance is essential for maintaining yield stability in regions experiencing high temperatures. Maize hybrids developed from heat-tolerant inbred lines have demonstrated enhanced tolerance to elevated temperatures (Chen et al., 2012). Pest and disease resistance are also vital for ensuring maize productivity. For instance, the identification of maize inbred lines with multiple disease resistance (MDR) to pathogens such as northern corn leaf blight, southern corn leaf blight, and aflatoxin contamination has been a significant advancement in breeding programs (Bankole et al., 2022). Additionally, genomic studies have identified SNPs associated with resistance to diseases like maize lethal necrosis, providing valuable markers for breeding disease-resistant maize varieties (Sadessa et al., 2022). These traits collectively contribute to the development of resilient maize lines capable of thriving under various stress conditions. 2.3 Knowledge gaps in previous research Despite significant advancements in maize breeding, several knowledge gaps remain that hinder the full realization of superior maize lines with enhanced quality and stress resistance. One major gap is the limited understanding of the genetic basis of combined drought and heat stress tolerance. Research has indicated that tolerance to combined stresses is genetically distinct from tolerance to individual stresses, necessitating further exploration to identify and incorporate these unique genetic traits into breeding programs (Cairns et al., 2013). Another gap is the need for more comprehensive evaluations of introduced trait donors for adaptation to new growing environments. The genotype × environment interaction (GEI) analysis is crucial for assessing the performance of nutrient-dense maize lines across different environments, yet it is often underutilized (Matongera et al., 2023b). Additionally, there is a need for large-scale screening and validation of identified genetic markers to ensure their effectiveness in diverse environmental conditions. For example, while SNP markers have been identified for various stress resistance traits, their practical application in breeding programs requires further validation and refinement (Sadessa et al., 2022).
Maize Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 10-19 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/mgg 12 3 Experimental Design in Maize Evaluation 3.1 Selection criteria for maize lines The selection of maize lines for this study was based on multiple criteria, focusing on quality, stress resistance, and yield. Quality traits included kernel size, sweetness, and nutritional content such as zinc and provitamin A levels. For instance, the study by Matongera et al. (2023a) highlighted the importance of stacking nutritional traits like zinc and provitamin A to enhance the overall quality of maize. Additionally, the evaluation of quality protein maize (QPM) lines under various stress conditions was emphasized to ensure the selection of lines with superior nutritional profiles (Chiuta and Mutengwa, 2020). Stress resistance was another critical criterion, with a focus on drought and heat tolerance. The study by Chen et al. (2012) identified maize inbred lines that maintained high leaf relative water content and vegetative growth under drought conditions, which were crucial indicators of drought tolerance. Similarly, the ability to withstand high temperatures was assessed, with lines showing enhanced tolerance being prioritized for selection. The integration of these stress resistance traits ensures the development of resilient maize lines capable of thriving under adverse environmental conditions. Yield performance was also a key selection criterion. The study by Lu et al. (2012) evaluated grain yield and its components under both well-watered and water-stressed environments, identifying stable traits such as kernel weight that remained consistent under drought stress. High-yielding lines were selected based on their performance across different stress and non-stress conditions, ensuring the development of maize lines with robust yield potential (Menkir et al., 2020). 3.2 Experimental setup The field experiment was designed using a randomized plot arrangement to ensure unbiased results and scientific reliability. Each maize line was planted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications to account for environmental variability and enhance the accuracy of the results. This design was chosen to minimize the effects of spatial heterogeneity and ensure that the observed differences in performance were due to genetic factors rather than environmental influences (Chiuta and Mutengwa, 2020). The experimental plots were established under both stress and non-stress conditions to evaluate the performance of maize lines across different environments. Stress conditions included managed drought stress, heat stress, and low nitrogen stress, while non-stress conditions involved well-watered and optimal nutrient environments. For instance, the study by Matongera et al. (2023b) utilized a similar approach, evaluating maize lines under various stress and non-stress environments to assess their yield stability and adaptability. The use of multiple environments allowed for a comprehensive assessment of the maize lines' performance and ensured the selection of lines with broad adaptability (Abu et al., 2021). 3.3 Evaluation metrics The evaluation of maize quality involved several metrics, including sweetness, kernel size, and nutritional content. Sweetness was assessed using sensory evaluation and Brix measurements, while kernel size was measured using calipers to determine the average kernel diameter. Nutritional content, such as zinc and provitamin A levels, was analyzed using spectrophotometric methods. The study by Matongera et al. (2023a) emphasized the importance of these quality traits in the selection of superior maize lines, highlighting the need for comprehensive evaluation to ensure the development of high-quality maize varieties. Stress resistance was evaluated using metrics such as heat and drought tolerance. Drought tolerance was assessed by measuring leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) before and after drought stress application. The study by Lu et al. (2012) demonstrated the reliability of NDVI as an indicator of drought tolerance, with significant correlations observed between NDVI and grain yield. Heat tolerance was evaluated through field observations following major heat events, with lines showing minimal damage to reproductive tissues being considered heat-tolerant (Chen et al., 2012).
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