Maize Genomics and Genetics 2024, Vol.15, No.4, 160-170 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/mgg 160 Research Insight Open Access Chloroplast Genome Studies inZea: Insights into Maize Domestication Jiansheng Li Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, 572025, Hainan, China Corresponding email: lijiansheng@cau.edu.cn Maize Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.4 doi: 10.5376/mgg.2024.15.0016 Received: 18 May, 2024 Accepted: 20 Jun., 2024 Published: 05 Jul., 2024 Copyright © 2024 Li, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Li J.S., 2024, Chloroplast Genome studies in zea: insights into maize domestication, Maize Genomics and Genetics, 15(4): 160-170 (doi: 10.5376/mgg.2024.15.0016) Abstract This study aims to synthesize current knowledge on the chloroplast genome of Zea genus, with a focus on its significance in understanding maize domestication. By examining the structure, function, and comparative genomics of the chloroplast genome, we elucidate the genetic and evolutionary mechanisms underlying the transition from wild teosinte to cultivated maize. Key findings from chloroplast genome studies reveal that maize originated in the Balsas River Valley, highlighting the genetic diversity within the genus Zea and the evolutionary relationships among maize varieties. Chloroplast DNA analysis uncovers patterns of gene flow, hybridization, and introgression, which contribute to the genetic richness of maize. Positive selection on chloroplast genes associated with photosynthesis and stress response underscores the adaptive changes during domestication. Additionally, advancements in genomic technologies and bioinformatics have enhanced the resolution and accuracy of chloroplast genome assembly and analysis. Chloroplast genome studies provide crucial insights into the genetic and evolutionary dynamics of maize domestication. The integration of chloroplast and nuclear genome data offers a comprehensive understanding of the selective pressures and adaptations that have shaped modern maize. These findings have significant implications for maize breeding, conservation, and global food security, emphasizing the importance of continued research and collaboration in the field of chloroplast genomics. Keywords Zea genus; Chloroplast genome; Maize domestication; Genetic diversity; Phylogenetics; Gene flow; Genomic technologies; Plant breeding 1 Introduction Maize (Zea mays) is one of the most significant cereal crops globally, with a rich history of domestication that dates back approximately 9 000 years. Originating from the wild grass teosinte in the region that is now Mexico, maize has undergone extensive genetic and phenotypic changes through selective breeding by indigenous peoples. This process has resulted in the diverse varieties of maize we see today, which are adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions and agricultural practices (Gui et al., 2020). The domestication of maize involved the selection for traits such as increased cob size, kernel number, and reduced seed dispersal mechanisms, which have significantly enhanced its utility as a staple food crop (Liu et al., 2016). Understanding the domestication process of maize not only provides insights into agricultural history but also helps in improving modern breeding techniques for better yield, resilience, and nutritional value. Chloroplasts are essential organelles in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis, governing essential processes such as photosynthesis, plant metabolism, and adaptation to environmental stresses. Unlike the nuclear genome, the chloroplast genome is maternally inherited and relatively small, making it a valuable tool for phylogenetic and evolutionary studies. The study of chloroplast genomes in maize is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, chloroplasts play a pivotal role in the C4 photosynthetic pathway, which is highly efficient and contributes to the high productivity of maize (Friso et al., 2010; Zhao et al., 2013). Understanding the chloroplast genome can provide insights into the genetic basis of this efficiency. Secondly, chloroplast genomes are relatively small and conserved, making them useful for phylogenetic studies and species identification (Li et al., 2019a; 2020a). Additionally, variations in the chloroplast genome can affect plant development and stress responses, which are critical for crop improvement and adaptation to changing environmental conditions (Udy et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2019).
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