Maize Genomics and Genetics 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 80-92 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/mgg 89 Table 2 Genetic mapping studies on metabolic traits in maize (Adopted from Medeiros et al., 2021) Trait Measurement Candidate gene, locus, or encoding enzyme Analysis Carotenoids in kernels LC y1, vp5, andQTL Linkage mapping Maysin and chlorogenic acid in silksLC p, a1, c2, and whp1 Linkage mapping Oleic acid in kernels GC fad2 Linkage mapping Carotenoid composition and content in kernels LC lcyE Association and linkage mapping Oil content and fatty acid composition in seeds and embryos NMRandGC dgat1-2 QTL mapping β-carotene in grains LC lcyEandcrtRB1 QTL and linkage mapping Oil content and fatty acid composition in kernels GC Multiple candidate genes QTL and linkage mapping Palmitic acid content in kernels GC fatb QTL, association, and linkage mapping Carbohydrates and ABA metabolites during stress in ears, silks, and leaves ELISAand spectrophotometry Multiple candidate genes Association mapping Anthocyanin in kernels LC f3′h1 Linkage mapping Oil content and fatty acid composition in kernels NMRandGC dgat1-2 Linkage mapping Starch, protein, and oil content in kernels NIRS Multiple candidate genes Linkage mapping and GWAS α-tocopherol content in kernels LC vte4 Linkage mapping and GWAS Leaf metabolome GC-MS Multiple candidate genes GWAS α-carotene in kernels LC crtRB3 QTL and linkage mapping Carotenoid content in grains LC psy1 QTL and linkage mapping Carotenoid composition and concentration in grains LC Multiple candidate genes QTL and linkage mapping Oil biosynthesis in kernels GC Multiple candidate genes Linkage mapping and GWAS Tocochromanols in grains LC hggt1and GRMZM2G437912 GWAS Aphid resistance/benzoxazinoid content in leaves LC-MS bx10a, bx10b, andbx10c QTL and association mapping Leaf lipidome LC-MS Multiple candidate genes GWAS Carotenoids in kernels LC Multiple candidate genes GWAS Metabolic diversity of kernels LC-MS Multiple candidate genes Linkage mapping and GWAS Carotenoids in kernels LC Multiple candidate genes GWAS Primary metabolism in leaves and kernels GC-MS Multiple candidate genes QTL and linkage mapping Carbon and nitrogen metabolism in leaves Spectrophotometry Multiple candidate genes Linkage mapping and GWAS Ratio of tocotrienolsa LC vte1 GWAS Starch content in kernels NIRS Multiple candidate genes GWAS Metabolic diversity in mature kernels LC-MS Multiple candidate genes QTL, linkage mapping, and GWAS Carbohydrates and ABA metabolites during stress in ears, silks, and leavesb ELISA and LS Multiple candidate genes GWAS Amino acids in kernels CECand spectrophotometry Multiple candidate genes QTL, linkage mapping, and GWAS Tthe integration of genetic and archaeological data provides a comprehensive understanding of maize's past, present, and future. By learning from historical spread and adaptation, modern breeding programs can develop
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