Maize Genomics and Genetics 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 36-48 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/mgg 42 Figure 2 Distribution of kernel starch, protein, and oil content in the teosinte NILs, The least squares mean (LSMean) for B73 is indicated by a black arrow (Adapted from Karn et al., 2017) Image caption: The figure presents histograms depicting the distribution of three key compositional traits in maize: starch content, protein content, and oil content. Each histogram shows the frequency of maize samples with specific percentages of these traits. Top Histogram: The distribution of starch content (%) in maize samples, with the LSMean (Least Squares Mean) for the B73 variety indicated at 71.53%. The distribution is approximately normal, centered around this mean value. Middle Histogram: The distribution of protein content (%) in maize samples, with the LSMean for the B73 variety indicated at 10.51%. This distribution is also approximately normal, centered around the mean value. Bottom Histogram: The distribution of oil content (%) in maize samples, with the LSMean for the B73 variety indicated at 3.85%. This distribution shows a slightly skewed normal distribution centered around the mean value. Overall, the histograms illustrate the natural variability in these traits within the maize population, with B73 values marked to highlight its position within these distributions. The LSMean values for B73 indicate that it falls near the average for starch and protein content, and slightly above the average for oil content, within this sample population (Adapted from Karn et al., 2017). CRISPR has also been used to enhance maize's resistance to pests and diseases. By targeting genes associated with susceptibility, such as those involved in the plant's immune response, researchers can create maize varieties that are more resilient. For instance, the Bx genes involved in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis, which contribute to pest resistance, have been targeted for modification to improve maize's defense mechanisms (Wang et al., 2017). 6.2 Breeding programs and hybrid development Breeding programs have significantly benefited from the genetic diversity found in teosinte. Traditional breeding methods, combined with modern genomic tools, have facilitated the introgression of beneficial alleles from teosinte into maize. This has resulted in the development of hybrids with enhanced traits such as higher yield, improved stress tolerance, and better nutritional quality. Teosinte has been used to introduce traits such as drought tolerance and disease resistance into maize. For example, breeding programs have utilized teosinte-derived alleles to develop maize varieties that can thrive under
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