Legume Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.6, 253-269 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/lgg 266 department can provide farmers with customized fertilization recommendations in combination with soil testing and formula fertilization projects to lower the threshold for them to explore on their own. Green yield-increasing technologies are encouraged at the policy level, and farmers who adopt measures to reduce weight and increase efficiency are given appropriate subsidies or rewards to enhance their enthusiasm. For example, the soybean and corn strip composite planting promoted by the state in recent years combines the advantages of close planting and legume nitrogen fixation, and certain material support is given to demonstration farmers during the promotion process. The close planting and fertilization optimization technology itself has a good scientific basis and practical effect. As long as it is guided by reasonable promotion strategies and policies, farmers are willing to accept and apply these technologies. 7 Conclusion This study focused on the dense planting and fertilization strategies in high-yield cultivation of legume crops, and the following main insights were obtained in combination with literature and field experiments. Moderate dense planting can increase the yield per unit area by changing plant morphology (increasing plant height and reducing branching) and improving the photosynthetic efficiency of the group, but excessive dense planting will lead to a decrease in single plant yield and an increase in the risk of lodging and disease. There is an optimal range of density that needs to be carefully considered. Scientific fertilization (especially balanced N-P-K supply) is crucial for legume crops to fully realize their nitrogen fixation potential and achieve high and stable yields. Excessive nitrogen fertilizer inhibits nitrogen fixation without significant yield increase benefits, and the amount and application period of nitrogen fertilizer should be optimized; sufficient phosphorus and potassium nutrition can promote root development and grain plumpness, and improve nutrient utilization. There is a significant interactive effect between dense planting and fertilization: reasonable fertilization can expand the adaptability of crops to dense planting, and appropriate density can increase the marginal return of fertilizer. The coordinated optimization of the two can achieve a superimposed gain in yield. Field demonstrations show that the modes of "high density + nitrogen reduction and potassium increase" and "medium density + controlled-release fertilizer" have achieved yield increase or cost saving effects in different regions, verifying the feasibility of theoretical analysis. These findings show that in the cultivation of legumes, increasing density without increasing fertilizer or increasing fertilizer without increasing density is insufficient, and only by taking both into account can the potential for increasing yield be maximized. The practical revelation of this study is that the optimization of agronomic measures should start from the overall growth and development of crops, pay attention to the interaction between factors, and achieve high yield and high efficiency through comprehensive management. For example, when promoting soybean high-yield technology, farmers should not only be told to "plant densely" but also be told how to "keep up with fertilizer"; vice versa, when promoting formula fertilization, appropriate group regulation technology should also be used. Through this study, it can be clearly understood that optimizing dense planting and fertilization are not two independent ways to increase production, but an organically integrated whole with the unique value of synergistic efficiency. From the perspective of the crops themselves, dense planting focuses on improving light energy utilization and the upper limit of group yield, while fertilization optimization focuses on meeting nutritional needs and improving conversion efficiency. The combination of the two can simultaneously grasp the "source" and "flow" of yield formation and turn the potential increase in yield into actual yield. Specifically, under the condition of relatively sufficient resources, dense planting provides more plants with growth space, and sufficient and balanced nutrient supply ensures that each plant has enough "food" to grow robustly and bear fruit, so that the group yield is significantly higher than conventional management. Our experimental results show that the yield increase brought by comprehensive measures is often higher than the simple addition of the effects of single measures. For example, dense planting or potassium increase in the demonstration field in Zhumadian only increased yield by about 5%, while the combination of the two achieved an increase of more than 13%. This "1+1>2" synergistic effect is the value of optimizing dense planting and fertilization strategies. Equally important, collaborative management can also help improve resource utilization efficiency and sustainability. High yields are often accompanied by high resource inputs, but under the dense planting + optimized fertilization model, the
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