Legume Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.6, 253-269 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/lgg 265 potassium fertilizers also show higher resistance to infection by pathogens due to tissue reinforcement, which suggests that balanced fertilization can improve crop health to a certain extent. It is worth noting that dense planting may also affect pest dynamics. Closed plants and more abundant green volume may attract leaf-feeding pests and provide a better shelter environment for natural enemies of pests. Taking Zhumadian as an example, the occurrence of aphids in high-density fields was slightly later than that in the control and the density was lower, which may be related to the increased activities of natural enemies such as ladybugs in the closed environment. However, in extreme years, the high humidity caused by dense planting may also be conducive to the reproduction of aphids, etc., and chemical or biological control needs to be strengthened depending on the situation. When promoting dense planting technology, plant protection measures should be improved to include the risks of pests and diseases that may be aggravated by dense planting into the management scope. On the one hand, the occurrence of pests and diseases can be reduced through cultivation of disease resistance and ecological control; on the other hand, once there are signs of pests and diseases, appropriate pesticides should be used in time to prevent further spread. Fortunately, modern agriculture has a wealth of plant protection technologies, such as drone spraying and intelligent monitoring, which can help achieve efficient pest and disease management of high-density crops. In short, dense planting does not necessarily mean a disaster of pests and diseases. As long as targeted prevention and control measures are taken in advance, it is entirely possible to increase density without increasing harm and achieve the net benefit of dense planting and increased production. 6.3 Technology extension evaluation Whether an agricultural yield-increasing technology can be widely promoted depends not only on its economic benefits, but also on farmers' acceptance and regional adaptability. In general, farmers are most receptive to technologies that are low-cost, easy to implement and have obvious effects. The close planting technology itself is relatively simple. It can be implemented by adjusting the sowing amount and planting method. The cost increase is small and the effect is seen in the season, so farmers are willing to try it. In Henan, Heilongjiang and other places, most growers are willing to increase the density appropriately under the guidance of experts to observe the changes in yield. Experienced farmers also realize that the optimal density varies under different years. They hope to obtain more precise guidance (for example, through the annual planting recommendations issued by rural extension departments), which provides space for the intervention of precision agricultural technology. In fertilization optimization technology, "input reduction" measures such as reducing nitrogen and increasing potassium are easy to accept because farmers directly feel the benefits of cost reduction. However, the adoption of new fertilizers (such as controlled-release fertilizers and bio-organic fertilizers) is relatively cautious, and the main concerns are price and effect stability. After the trial demonstration in Qiqihar, some cooperatives and large households expressed their willingness to try controlled-release fertilizers, but hoped to be able to subsidize part of the cost through government projects and obtain technical support during the trial period. This shows that the promotion of new fertilizers requires supporting policies and services. In addition, different regions have different adaptability to these technologies. Close planting is more effective in areas with high soil fertility and good irrigation conditions. If blindly close planting is carried out in arid and barren areas, the risk is greater. When promoting, the regional resource endowment must be fully considered. For example, the black soil area in Northeast China has abundant rainfall, and high yields can be achieved through supporting plant protection, while the arid area in Northwest China is more suitable for combining with water-saving irrigation technology (such as the drip irrigation and close planting model in Xinjiang). In terms of fertilization strategy, the acidic soil in the south and the black calcium soil in the north respond differently to nutrients, and different formulas and proportions should also be recommended in a targeted manner (Yoshihira et al., 2020; Hao et al., 2023). Strengthen the construction of demonstration areas and on-site observations to allow farmers to intuitively understand the effects of the technology. Just as the demonstration fields in Zhumadian and Qiqihar have played a radiating role, successful cases are the most convincing promotion materials. Through training and concise manuals, farmers are taught the key points of operation, such as how to adjust the seed drill to achieve reasonable close planting, how to identify the field symptoms of insufficient or excessive fertilizer, etc. The promotion
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