Legume Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 215-224 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/lgg 217 aren't many actual successful cases in the field of lentils yet. What truly restricts it is not the technical principle but the insufficiency of supporting resources, such as genomic information and stable transformation systems. But the good news is that these basic conditions are being gradually filled (Polowick and Yan, 2023). Moreover, the CRISPR family is not limited to Cas9. For instance, Cas12a excels in multi-gene editing and can target several sites at once, which is particularly useful for complex traits (Abdelrahman et al., 2021). This also shows the possibility of achieving coordinated improvement of multiple traits in lentils. Figure 1 Use of genome editing for the development of herbicide resistance in plants. An herbicide resistant gene (ALS, ACC or EPSPS) is chosen and a particular target site within that gene is selected that is subsequently subjected to point mutation by base substitution. After target selection, vector construction is performed. The vector is delivered into a plant species via different methods, which is followed by plant transformation through different processes and the edited plants are regenerated. After that, the edited plants are screened for desired mutations by various methods, such as herbicide or antibiotic analysis followed by PCR, southern blotting, and sequencing. After achieving desired mutant plants (herbicide resistant plants), they are screened for particular herbicide resistance by applying the herbicide at T0, T1 or T2 generations. Typically, the base-editing generates non-transgenic (non-GM) plants (Adopted from Hussain et al., 2021) 3.2 Base and prime editing techniques Sometimes, cutting off an entire piece of DNA is not always the optimal solution. Compared with the traditional double-strand break, the current base editing and Prime editing are like more delicate "penknives", directly rewriting individual letters without the need to create breaks. Like the base editor, by binding the Cas protein to cytidine deaminase or adenine deaminase together, C can be changed to T, or A to G-which is very convenient when making point mutations, especially when building herbicide resistance (Arora and Narula, 2017). As for Prime editing, it can achieve more complex editing, such as insertion and deletion at specific sites, and even
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