Legume Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 135-142 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/lgg 136 2 Flowering Regulation in Mung Bean: An Overview 2.1 The genetic systems which control flowering in legume plants Flowering in mung bean is governed by a complex genetic network, with key roles played by genes homologous to those in other legumes and Arabidopsis. The CONSTANS-LIKE (COL) gene VrCOL1 functions as a photoperiod regulator through FT and TSF activation in short-day conditions (Zhang et al., 2022). The research of genome-wide studies revealed new candidate genes that include FERONIA receptor-like kinases which control FLC regulation and PhyA and PIF3 orthologs that participate in light signaling and flowering time regulation (Chiteri et al., 2024). The PEBP gene family in mung bean consists of FT, MFT, TFL and FT-like clades and VrFT1 induces flowering when days are short (Xue et al., 2024). The study of quantitative trait loci (QTL) has identified key genetic regions which determine flowering time and these regions show high heritability and genetic similarity between different legume species (Ye et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2022). The research demonstrates that FT, CO, SOC1 and FLC-like genes function as key regulators for mung bean flower development. Figure 1 Manhattan plot showing significant SNPs associated with DTF. SNPs are labeled with the SNP name. SNPs in green are discussed further in the text. Trait-SNP associations were performed using FarmCPU in GAPIT. The horizontal dotted red line represents the Bonferroni correction as p = 0.05 (Adopted from Chiteri et al., 2024) 2.2 Environmental cues: photoperiod sensitivity and circadian regulation Mung bean plants show photoperiod sensitivity through their quantitative short-day plant behavior although their critical photoperiod and temperature responses vary between different genotypes. The process of flowering becomes faster when plants experience short-day conditions because VrCOL1 and VrFT1 genes become more active but flowering occurs later under long-day conditions (Zhang et al., 2022; Xue et al., 2024). The interaction between circadian regulation and photoperiodic pathways allows plants to adjust their flowering time according to environmental conditions such as temperature which enables them to thrive in different agro-ecological zones (Summerfield and Lawn, 1987; Imrie and Lawn, 1990; Ellis et al.,1994). The ability of plants to change their flowering response enables breeders to pick varieties that perform well in particular environmental conditions. 2.3 Hormonal and epigenetic influences on flowering transition Plant hormones together with epigenetic mechanisms play a role in controlling the flowering transition process in mung bean plants. The application of gibberellic acid (GA3) and kinetin and salicylic acid outside plants leads to major changes in flowering duration and plant development and yield production (Sharma et al., 2020; Chaudhary et al., 2024; Mitra and Kumar, 2024; Patidar et al., 2025). The study by Qiu et al. (2023) shows that GA3 and kinetin applications reduce flowering time and enhance plant development but DCPTA treatment leads to the best pod formation and yield results by modifying plant physiological and biochemical processes (Qiu et al., 2021;
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