Legume Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 128-134 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/lgg 131 5.2 Expression responses under biotic stresses (pathogens, viruses, etc.) However, once the pathogen intervenes, the state of the NS-LRR gene changes. Like in common kidney beans, the study found that the expression levels of 67 such genes changed significantly when responding to anthracnose and common bacterial blight. Some were activated rapidly, while others showed almost no response (Wu et al., 2017). The expression patterns between resistant and susceptible varieties are also inconsistent. On the soybean side, genes like GmTNL16 are also up-regulated in expression when encountering diseases such as Phytophthora root rot (Figure 1) (Afzal et al., 2021; Zhou et al., 2022). These differences illustrate a point: not all NS-LRR genes step up at critical moments, but the part that plays a role is indeed the main force of the immune system. Figure 1 Subcellular localization of GmTNL16. 35S:GmTNL16.1-GFP4, 35S::GmTNL16.2-GFP4 and 35S::GFP4 (control) constructs were transformed into tobacco leaves. mCherry was used as an endoplasmic reticulum marker. Scale bars, 10 μm (Adopted from Zhou et al., 2022) 5.3 Transcriptional regulation related to signaling pathways (e.g., SA, JA, ET) When it comes to regulation, the expression of NB-LRR is not merely a simple on and off; it is actually a multi-level complex network behind it. In addition to the cis elements in the promoter region, trans regulatory factors, mirnas, and even alternative splicing will also be involved (Marone et al., 2013). This system is also closely related to the hormone signaling pathways of plants, especially the SA (salicylic acid) and JA (jasmonic acid) pathways. In soybeans, the GmTNL16 gene is regulated by miR1510 and further activates downstream response factors such as JAZ, COI1, TGA and PR through JA and SA signaling pathways (Zhou et al., 2022). Judging from the results, NBS-LRR is not fighting alone but is "mobilized" by the entire hormone network to make a coordinated and clearly divided response to external attacks. 6 Case Study: Disease Resistance Potential of Specific NBS-LRR Genes 6.1 Differential expression analysis of NBS-LRR genes in resistant lines using RNA-Seq After the invasion of pathogenic bacteria, the expression of NS-LRR genes is actually not constant. They often fluctuate sharply as the infection progresses. Through RNA sequencing, we can capture this dynamic regulatory process. In common kidney beans, some studies using qRT-PCR in combination with expression analysis have
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