Legume Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 54-62 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/lgg 58 related to mineral concentration were frequently selected in cultivated species (Wu et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2022). It is worth mentioning that the PDH1 gene plays a core role in the pod cracking trait, and cracking is directly related to the preservation and harvest rate of seeds (Figure 2). It is also regarded as a classic case of parallel domestication (Li et al., 2024). Figure 2 Function evaluation of VrPDH1 in controlling pod dehiscence in mung bean. (a) The expression levels of VrPDH1/vrpdh1 in transformed plants. (b) The pod dehiscence phenotype in transgenic soybean lines. (c) The percentage of dehisced pods in transgenic soybean lines (Adopted from Li et al., 2024) 5.3 Functional differences in genes associated with disease resistance and stress tolerance If we really talk about the differences between cultivated mung beans and wild mung beans, it's not as simple as just looking at who grows better or who produces more. The differences are also quite obvious in the genes related to adversity. Gene families like NAC and B-box (BBX) have always played important roles in responding to environmental challenges such as drought and diseases. In wild mung beans, the structures and expression patterns of these genes are significantly more diverse (Tariq et al., 2022; Yin et al., 2024). For instance, VrNAC1.4, VrBBX5, VrBBX10 and VrBBX12 have relatively high expression activity in wild materials and are associated with stress resistance and disease resistance. But once it comes to cultivating mung beans, the situation is a bit different. The diversity of such genes has been weakened, which is a typical "genetic bottleneck". Although this might have lost some potential for resistance, from another perspective, it also serves as a reminder for subsequent precision breeding (Jia et al., 2024). 6 Molecular Mechanisms of Domestication and Adaptation 6.1 Genomic evidence of domestication selection signals The domestication trajectory of mung beans is not a straight line. High-resolution notch-free genome assembly and population resequencing results on some key metabolic pathways have revealed obvious traces of selection. In
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