Legume Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 54-62 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/lgg 60 manifestation of complex traits in advance, and even select potential parents at the early stage of breeding, gradually integrating traits such as yield, nutrition, and stress resistance into a variety (Wu et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2022). Especially for those traits with complex genetic backgrounds, it is quite difficult to select them by traditional methods. Genomic selection models can greatly improve efficiency. Of course, behind this are abundant germplasm resources and reliable statistical modeling techniques-only when these two are well combined can strategies truly move from theory to practice (Ahmed et al., 2024). 7.3 Comparative genomics with other legume crops and complementary utilization The genome of mung beans is actually not so "independent and unique" from that of other leguminous crops. Related species such as cowpea, adzuki bean and soybean often share a set of ancestral "genetic programs" in terms of seed size, flowering time and stress resistance. Many key functional regions and direct homologous genes have been revealed one by one in comparative genomes (Srivastava et al., 2018; Chiteri et al., 2024). Sometimes, the data of Mung Bean itself may not be so complete, but with the research results of these "neighbors", many molecular tools and experiences can be smoothly transferred over. Not only borrowing, but also mung beans themselves can find improvement clues from these collinear regions and shared QTLS. Even some hidden new alleles and molecular markers are discovered precisely through this cross-species comparison approach. The result is that an entire genetic toolbox has been continuously expanded, not only for mung beans but also for other legumes. 8 Conclusion At first, in fact, no one expected that the genetic diversity within mung beans would be so complex. It was not until high-quality reference genomes and whole genome assembly were available that the truth was gradually pieced together - 83% of the genes belonged to the core sequence, while the remaining 17% had very obvious variations. This is just the beginning. Key traits such as early flowering, pod cracking, nutritional composition, and stress resistance mechanisms were later gradually traced back to specific genes and even variations at the PAV level. Interestingly, the selection signals are also very obvious in pathways such as fatty acid synthesis and phenylpropane metabolism. However, relying solely on gene structure is not enough; the expression level must also keep up. So GWAS and transcriptome analysis were also brought in, filling in the "dynamic information" link. Many candidate genes related to agronomic and nutritional traits were thus discovered (and indeed provided considerable assistance for subsequent molecular breeding). Of course, clarifying these fundamental issues does not mean that all obstacles have been cleared. Many early studies were limited by the low density of markers, resulting in mediocre resolution of gene mapping. Even with more complete genome assembly nowadays, there are still not many candidate genes that have been truly verified for function, and the "identities" of many regulatory elements are still just speculations. In addition, the genetic resources of wild mung beans have not been fully exploited yet. The work of integrating genomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic data for multi-level trait analysis is still in its infancy. To be more realistic, even if potential genes are identified, it is still quite difficult to quickly transform them into breeding tools at present. Problems such as the inability to keep up with high-throughput phenotypic capabilities and the immaturity of statistical modeling tools have been constantly slowing down this transformation process. However, one thing has become increasingly clear: genomic comparisons between wild and cultivated mung beans are constantly demonstrating the significance of wild germplasm resources. They have considerable potential in providing new alleles for stress resistance, disease resistance, and even nutritional improvement. The genetic bottlenecks and diversity losses that emerged during domestication once again remind us that we should not overlook the role of closely related wild materials in breeding. What needs to be done now is actually to link these genomic discoveries with more operational breeding strategies, such as MAS, genomic selection, and even gene editing. Only in this way can the development pace of high-yield and stress-resistant mung bean varieties be truly accelerated, and it is also possible to provide more stable confidence for food security and sustainable agriculture in addressing the challenges of climate change and pests and diseases.
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