Legume Genomics and Genetics 2024, Vol.15, No.6, 315-322 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/lgg 319 both wild and cultivated genotypes to ensure the species' resilience and adaptability (Kyratzis et al., 2021). Secondly, the carob tree's ability to thrive in arid and semi-arid conditions positions it as a key crop for addressing food security and environmental sustainability in the region (Martins-Loução et al., 2024). Lastly, the integration of carob into modern industrial applications demonstrates the potential for traditional crops to contribute to economic development and innovation. These insights emphasize the need for continued research and investment in carob cultivation and utilization to fully harness its benefits. Figure 2 Interplay between climate change, food security, nutrition and human health (Adopted from Gioxari et al., 2022) Image caption: Planting carob trees might be a promising course of action to achieve the following sustainable development goals (SDGs) across the Mediterranean area: SDG1, to eradicate extreme poverty; SDG2, to end poverty; SDG3, to achieve good health and well-being; SDG5 to empower women in economic life; SDG12, for the responsible consumption and production; SDG15, for protecting, restoring and promoting the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems and reversing land degradation; and SDG17, for partnerships to achieve the goal (Adopted from Gioxari et al., 2022) 6 Challenges in Carob Research and Industrialization 6.1 Limited genetic resources and knowledge gaps Carob research faces significant challenges due to limited genetic resources and knowledge gaps. The genetic diversity of carob is not fully understood, which hampers breeding and conservation efforts. Studies have shown that there is a need for a comprehensive understanding of carob's genetic structure to facilitate effective germplasm conservation and management (Di Guardo et al., 2019). The lack of detailed genetic information limits the ability to select and breed carob varieties with desirable traits, such as drought resistance and high nutritional value. Furthermore, the genetic erosion of carob due to declining cultivation and attention exacerbates these challenges, making it crucial to prioritize research on genetic diversity and conservation (Kyratzis et al., 2021). 6.2 Environmental and agronomic challenges Carob cultivation is also hindered by environmental and agronomic challenges. The species is predominantly grown in rainfed conditions, making it susceptible to climate change impacts such as reduced water availability and increased soil salinity (Costa-Pérez et al., 2023). These environmental stresses affect seed germination and early plant establishment, which are critical for successful cultivation (Cavallaro et al., 2016). Additionally, the traditional agronomic practices may not be suitable for modern large-scale production, necessitating the development of new cultivation techniques that can enhance yield and quality under varying environmental conditions (Van Tassel et al., 2020).
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