Legume Genomics and Genetics 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 210-220 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/lgg 215 Climate change is another major threat to winged papilionate flowers. Increased temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events can affect the growth, reproduction, and survival of these species. For instance, changes in climate can disrupt the phenology of flowering and pollinator activity, leading to mismatches that reduce reproductive success. Furthermore, climate change can exacerbate the effects of habitat fragmentation by imposing additional stress on already vulnerable populations (Van Daele et al., 2023). Figure 3 Genome-wide phylogeny of Mimulus section Erythranthe reveals a single clade containing all hummingbird-pollinated species (Adopted from Nelson et al., 2020) Image caption: (A) The maximum likelihood phylogeny of section Erythranthe rooted to M. bicolor. The species level topology is identical to that inferred with ASTRAL 3. Branches with bootstrap support >90% are bold. Quartet scores are also given for branches included in the ASTRAL species tree. Clades representing a single collection location are collapsed (see S18 Fig for the unrooted phylogeny including the branch to M. bicolor). Numbers next to M. lewisii and M. cardinalis tips refer to collection locations in B. (B) Collections of section Erythranthe across the American West. Sierran M. lewisii collections are offset due to close overlap with M. cardinalis collections in the Sierra Nevada Range. Location of the M. rupestris accession from Central Mexico not shown (see S1 Table). ‘b’: M. bicolor; v: M. verbenaceus; ‘e’: M. eastwoodiae; ‘r’: M. rupestris (Adopted from Nelson et al., 2020) 5.2 Conservation strategies In-situ conservation involves protecting and managing species within their natural habitats. This approach is essential for maintaining the ecological interactions and evolutionary processes that sustain winged papilionate flowers. Protected areas, habitat restoration, and sustainable land-use practices are key components of in-situ conservation. Ex-situ conservation, on the other hand, involves preserving species outside their natural habitats, such as in botanical gardens and seed banks. This strategy can serve as a backup to in-situ efforts and provide material for research and potential reintroduction programs (Carvalho et al., 2023a). Botanical gardens and seed banks play a crucial role in the conservation of winged papilionate flowers. These institutions can maintain living collections and seed samples that represent the genetic diversity of threatened species. By doing so, they provide a safeguard against extinction and a resource for future restoration efforts. Additionally, botanical gardens can serve as centers for public education and awareness, promoting the importance of plant conservation and the specific needs of winged papilionate flowers (Cristóbal-Perez et al., 2021).
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