Legume Genomics and Genetics 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 221-231 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/lgg 227 be harnessed to improve agronomic traits such as yield, disease resistance, and stress tolerance. For instance, the evaluation of a chickpea core collection identified diverse agronomically superior germplasm, which can be used to develop high-yielding cultivars with a broad genetic base (Upadhyaya et al., 2007). Additionally, the use of specialized germplasm subsets like mini core collections and reference sets has facilitated the identification of trait-specific germplasm, aiding in trait mapping and allele mining for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses (Upadhyaya et al., 2011). Effective germplasm management involves the development and utilization of core collections, which represent a subset of the entire germplasm collection while maintaining genetic diversity. For example, a core subset of chickpea was developed using geographic distribution and quantitative traits, preserving the genetic variation available in the entire collection (Upadhyaya et al., 2001). Moreover, the integration of genomic tools such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and diversity arrays technology (DArT) has enabled the creation of integrated genetic maps, facilitating the identification of genes associated with important traits (Upadhyaya et al., 2011). The use of multi-parent advanced generation intercross (MAGIC) populations has also been shown to enhance genetic diversity and bring novel alleles for developing superior chickpea varieties (Samineni et al., 2021). 6.2 Bridging the gap between research and adoption Extension services play a vital role in bridging the gap between research and adoption by disseminating new technologies and practices to farmers. Farmer participatory breeding involves the active participation of farmers in the breeding process, ensuring that the developed varieties meet their needs and preferences. This approach has been shown to enhance the adoption of new chickpea varieties, as farmers are more likely to adopt varieties that they have helped to develop and that are suited to their local conditions (Roorkiwal et al., 2020). Policy support and adequate funding are essential for the sustained improvement of chickpea. Governments and funding agencies need to prioritize chickpea research to address the challenges of low productivity and climate change. Investments in modern breeding technologies, such as genomic selection and breeding by design, can accelerate the development of climate-resilient chickpea varieties (Roorkiwal et al., 2020). Additionally, policies that support the conservation and utilization of genetic resources can enhance the effectiveness of breeding programs (Upadhyaya et al., 2011). 6.3 Ethical and biosafety considerations The use of genetic modification (GM) in chickpea improvement raises several ethical and biosafety concerns. These include the potential impact on biodiversity, the unintended effects on non-target organisms, and the socio-economic implications for smallholder farmers. It is essential to conduct thorough risk assessments and engage with stakeholders to address these concerns. The development of GM chickpea varieties should be guided by principles of transparency, safety, and sustainability (Roorkiwal et al., 2020). Regulatory frameworks play a critical role in ensuring the safe development and deployment of GM chickpea varieties. These frameworks should be based on scientific evidence and include provisions for monitoring and managing potential risks. Public perception of GM crops is also a significant factor influencing their adoption. Efforts to improve public understanding of the benefits and risks associated with GM chickpea, through education and transparent communication, can help build trust and acceptance. By addressing these challenges and leveraging the opportunities, chickpea improvement programs can develop high-yielding, resilient, and nutritious varieties that contribute to food security and sustainable agriculture. 7 Concluding Remarks The genetic improvement of chickpeas has seen significant advancements through the integration of modern genomic technologies with traditional breeding methods. Key achievements include the development of high-resolution phenotypic and genetic data, which have facilitated the identification of genes and biological pathways associated with important breeding traits. The use of molecular markers and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping has enhanced the efficiency of gene transfer and trait pyramiding, particularly for resistance to biotic and
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